Molecules and Processes of Life Activity 6 - Cellular Respiration and Lab Report

Atoms and Processes of Life Activity 6 - Cellular Respiration and the Effects of Pollutants on Its Rate - Lab Report Example The measure of gas radiated at the highest point of cylinder was seen to more than 10 minutes in order to decide cell breath rate. The toxins utilized included; vinegar, salt arrangement, isopropyl liquor, preparing pop, cleanser arrangement, and fade arrangement. The outcome for yeast blend was contrasted and the outcomes for yeast-sugar blend. The yeast-sugar blend displayed a quicker cell breath rate. The results of the poisons had blended outcomes. But heating pop, a large portion of the toxins used had a lower cell breath rate. As indicated by Carpenter (2013), cell breath is a procedure wherein synthetic vitality in the food is procured and changed over into vitality that is used in completing the typical life process. Each living being requires cell breath for endurance. This procedure occurs in three particular stages; glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain. Lippmann (2009) contends that during these cycles, oxygen and glucose in our body are transformed into carbon dioxide, vitality, and water. The principal period of cell breath is the point at which one glucose atom is part to create two pyruvic corrosive particles, a 3-carbon compound (Schapira, McQuaid and Froneman, 2011). This first stage is anaerobic, suggesting it needn't bother with oxygen to happen. The rest of the stages require oxygen. In that capacity, the test was directed inside an oxygen zone and an impressive time span to permit the three periods of cell breath to happen. To test our first theory, the test configuration was to such an extent that yeast was blended in with water at that point filled a test tube. A more extensive test tube was set over the yeast test tube and flipped together more than 10 minutes to watch the degree of gas producing in the more extensive cylinder. The measure of gas was recorded each moment in the10 minutes. The equivalent was done to a yeast-water blend however with granulated sugar included into

Mahatma Ghandi

Year 11 Community and Family Studies Individuals and Groups †Leadership Term 2 Assessment MAHATMA GHANDI . Mohandas Karamchand Ghandi, known as Mahatma , or ‘Great Soul’ was an effective pioneer who figured out how to cause major political change in nations that accomplished a plenitude of racial separation and social mediocrity . The two most signi? cantly affected nations that accomplished direct positive strengthening due to Mahatma Ghandi were South Africa and India. Explanation behind Ghandi’s gigantic accomplishment with every objective he set was his solid self conviction, versatility, ingenuity and determination.Apart from these attributes permitting Ghandi to accomplish his objectives, they made him an extraordinary case of a compelling pioneer. In South Africa Mahatma Ghandi battled for Indian social liberties, his prosperity brought about the reconstruction of the counter Indian Legislation, by South African Of? cials. Since the commencement of Sou th Africa racial segregation was consistently common among society. Local Africans, Indians and Asians were continually dependent upon racial treacheries, especially from the 1800’s to 1959.Examples of this are clear all through the enactments and laws that were aimed at Indians; Indians; - Could just unreservedly relocate to South Africa as obligated Laborers (workers on contract) †They had none of the privileges of full citizenship †Were not permitted to possess property or land †Were just conceded brief habitation - Forced to pay of whole of ? 3 in the event that they were ex-obligated Indians that neglected to reindenture or decided to come back to India after their work contracts were finished . Needed to live in government apportioned territories for ‘sanitation’ purposes †Were the main race that needed to finish an instructive, wellbeing, age and means test so as to pick up induction into the nation with the rejection of Indian contract ed workers. (this reason for this test was to stop further movement of ‘free Indians’ (Indians that came to South Africa not contracted) ). - Were precluded from wedding the ‘Whites’ (People of European plummet e. g. Dutch, German, French ) These administration strategies were unfair against the Indian race and come about n them (Indians) being expected as a substandard race in the public eye which further brought about the extreme abuse of Indians. Being presented to these racial disparities, and having been of Indian race Mahatma Ghandi was very much aware of these racial imbalances as he expressed â€Å"I found that as a man and as an Indian I had no rights†. He perceived that change expected to happen all together for the Indian race in South Africa to be evened out inside society. This acknowledgment at that point lead Ghandi proposing an activity plan of ‘passive resistance’ which he was pioneer of.The aftereffect of his latent opp osition which was taken up by many other supporting Indians in South Africa was the . reorganization of the counter Indian Legislation ( referenced already). This implied the Indian Relief Act was passed, therefore improving Indian social liberties. The demonstration; †Abolished the ? 3 survey charge - Recognized relationships contracted as far as conventional Hindu and Muslim customs †Indian offspring of guardians living in South Africa are permitted to move Although these modi? ed strategies of enactment improved Indian Civil Rights, there were as yet significant parts which remained law that were racially unjust.For model; Indians were as yet denied from possessing property in Transvall and Orange Free State. - Indians were not permitted to dwell in Orange Free State. †Restrictions despite everything existed on Indian exchanges. In 1869 India was a piece of the British Empire, which implied that Britain ran the legislature, made laws and exploited India’s no rmal wealth in especially salt, so as to make star? t. The way that the British Empire administered India, essentially implied that the Indian’s own nation had to a degree been taken from them; they were living in a nation that was not theirs. After ? hting in the British Army in Europe during First World War (1914-18) Indians, felt that consequently they had the right to be allowed Independence. Accepting this Ghandi set out to ? ght for Indian Independence or what he alluded to as ‘Swaraj’ . Ghandi’s strategy for ‘? ghting’ was motivated by his conviction of Satyagraha, which means truth power. He expressed â€Å" Satyagraha has been planned as a powerful substitute for violence† . So as to accomplish this vision Ghandi utilized his strategy for common noncompliance. ?He asked Indians to oppose British guideline by taking to the streets. ?He went on hunger strikes ?He made dissent talks ? Urged Indians not to wear garments or pay Brit ish assessments †this was the start of Ghandi’s Cloth Campaign; he requested general society to consume their British garments and rather turn their own string and make their own garments. ?Urged Indians not to purchase British merchandise, take to the streets from their occupations and go to revitalizes to hear him talk. ?The most signi? cant occasion that Ghandi lead to accomplish Indian Independence in India was the ‘Salt March’ ; during this occasion Ghandi lead several his supporters to Dandi Beach were he gotten the ? st bunch of salt. This represented Indians would no longer bow to British laws. This event was so significant in light of the fact that it demonstrated defiance to British law. During this time (1930’s) it was made law that Indians couldn't gather their own salt, they needed to buy intensely burdened salt from the British. Anyway after Ghandi’s activity, Indians began gathering their own salt. . Mahatma’s fundamental objective was to accomplish Indian autonomy, anyway he battled for better working conditions for poor weavers and went on a quick until he won them a compensation increase.He additionally set up an ashram which was shared ranch, on this homestead Ghandi acknowledged a gathering of social pariahs, marked the ‘untouchables’ . The untouchables were viewed as the most reduced position in society’s hierarchal structure and in this way they were outcasted and not related with. By Ghandi’s support and acknowledgment of the untouchables into the collective homestead in spite of the fights of his adherents he indicated his conviction that all individuals were equivalent. Mahatma Ghandi’s way to deal with fight got famous inside society and quickly he aggregated many adherents, ? hting joined with a similar aim which was further motivation behind why Ghandi accomplished Indian Independence. â€Å"Mass common defiance resembles an earthquake†, said Ghan di. This equivalent head which Ghandi proposed and afterward utilized into each dissent venture he was engaged with, is motivation behind why he was such a fruitful pioneer. Regardless of Mahatma Ghandi’s direct activity to enable people to go to bat for what they trust in South African and India , Ghandi propelled the entire world to do likewise. The activities and rules that he used brought about the worldwide strengthening of individuals.His morals and fighting techniques are still found in present political resistance. Mahatma Ghandi was an exceptionally effective pioneer since he was capable see shameful acts inside society, which others encountered and urge and implement society to inactively yet emotionally ? ght in solidarity for positive change. The New Oxford American Dictionary de? nes authority as ; the capacity to lead capably. Mahatma Ghandi’s most noticeable quality was his administration, his boss authority style was the primary explanation behind his s uccesses.There are numerous differing initiative styles, for example, ; Task-orientated, People-orientated, Autocratic, Collaborative/Democratic, Laissez-faire, Transformational and Cultural. Every one of these administration styles present a pioneer with shifting authority aptitudes which impact the elements and profitability of gathering individuals. A transformational pioneer, for example, Ghandi keeps up an attention on cooperation and activity. They give guidance and an objective for the gathering to accomplish and support and engage the gathering individuals in accomplishing the goal.As pioneers they use parallel reasoning, advance individual development and improvement and collective choice creation and keep the gathering engaged and beneficial in arriving at their objectives by giving normal input. Transformational pioneers are profoundly associated with the gathering and are continually excited and enthusiastic about the contribution of people. This produces a confiding in condition where bunch individuals feel good to help out gathering individuals. Mahatma Ghandi’s transformational initiative style was apparent all through his lifetime, in spite of the differing gathering and situation.When dissecting his triumphs, in . especially his ? ght for equity in South Africa among Indians and the ‘Whites’ . He was incredibly engaged with the Indian Society and delivered an unmistakable vision for Indian reconciliation inside South African Society. He was profoundly associated with his gathering and worked excitedly with every part, promising them to endeavor to accomplish a shared objective. The motivation behind why he was so fruitful is on the grounds that he had the option to keep up and start personal connections with the several his supporters, he enabled every one of them to ? ht for ‘satyagraha’ by recognizing every one of their information sources. People that were a piece of Ghandi’s bunch felt included, este emed and freed. Being a piece of Ghandi’s bunch advanced individual turn of events. Individuals related with Ghandi’s bunch were ingrained with Ghandi’s educating of self conviction, discipline and above all assurance to accomplish their objectives, by peacefulness, non-collaboration and self food. There are changing elements which in? uenced Ghandi’s transformational administration style. The two generally predominant in? uences were his way of life and nature of the group.Mahatma Gh

The New Oxbridge Essays Website - Built With You in Mind

The New Oxbridge Essays Website - Built With You in Mind The OE Blog Welcome to the new Oxbridge Essays website. Our academics have written 60,000 custom essays and dissertations since we opened our business in 2005. In fact, we calculate we have written more than 250 million words for our customers. Weve built our business by using  OxbridgeEssays.com as a platform to connect ambitious students with the UK’s very best academics. In the last couple of years, weve felt that the quality of our site fell short of the quality of our service. We know businesses need to evolve to stay relevant, and it was clear we couldnt stand still. The solution was a full site redesign focused on offering a smoother, simpler user experience â€" a platform that makes it easier than ever for our customers to get better grades. After nearly a year of planning, design, coding, writing and testing, our new site is live. Here are some highlights: A NEW LOOK Our new site is based on a living desk’ concept. As you navigate around the site you’ll explore different areas of the ‘live’ desktop, placing you in an environment that is both uncluttered and familiar. The use of white space and modern typography with blue highlights enhances the feeling of space and freshness. The new headline font, Roboto Slab, is very legible with a strong personality. Weve done away with cramped text and built a site thats easy on the eyes, even at the end of a long day in front of your computer. EASY ORDERING Whether you’re a new or existing customer, placing your order should be an enjoyable and straightforward process. The trouble is, as services evolve, order processes can get unwieldy â€" and our old site was an example of this. Following an extensive user experience overhaul, weve designed a completely new order form that combines the pricing and order pages into one process. Weve broken the workflow down into simple steps, and our new order page guides you intuitively through each, limiting the amount of information you need to deal with at any one time. The best bit? With our new site, ordering any piece of work takes around three minutes. YOUR ACCOUNT The new-look customer account is your private login area at Oxbridge Essays. Its your control centre for all the important tasks: tracking the progress of your order, editing your details, making payments and collecting your finished essay. Unlike the old portal, your account is on our website, with everything neatly organised and stored in one place. If youre an existing customer you can use your current login details to access the portal. If you’re a new customer you’ll automatically be set up with a private login when you place your first order. MOBILE-FRIENDLY You’ve told us that you want to be able to place orders and track delivery of an essay using your phone or tablet device. We now have a dedicated mobile layout which allows you to enjoy the experience of our desktop site wherever you are and whatever you’re doing. TELL US WHAT YOU THINK With this new site, our look and feel may be different but our priorities havent changed: it has never been easier to order a model essay, presentation or other coursework. Wed love to know what you think about the changes weve made, and if you have ideas to make our site or service better, were ready to listen. Above all, our site is for you â€" to help you get better grades. Share your feedback. Thanks for being on board. Were excited to welcome you to our new site. The team at Oxbridge Essays.

Employee Motivation - 886 Words

This is a dissertation abstract on Employee Motivation: Why study motivation? To state it simple you need to know motivation to be a better leader to accomplish your business goals. Employees are like sheep you need to lead them to accomplish the mission. It is much easier to lead a group of individuals when they have a vested interest to accomplish it. You create that interest through motivation. The key to a successful organization in many ways is motivation. It is one of the most difficult tasks that a manager faces because everyone is different. The methods that are used to motivate employees must be tailored to fit each one. Every organization should have motivation plans in placed to show how they value employees. Some of the most†¦show more content†¦One of the first things that must be done is an assessment of the motivation issue. Management must assess how to motivate the staff and to determine if there are signs of de-motivation. If the assessment shows serious/critical signs of de-motivation, an action plan needs to be implemented. The question that is probably most often asked by managers is â€Å"How do I motivate people at work?† To answer that question discusses with the staff on what their work goals are and how they feel it should be accomplished. Constantly provide feedback on what staff has done well and where improvement is needed. Always encourage the staff to express their views on their performance. Continually evaluate the staff’s performance throughout the appraisal period rather than focusing on periods where their performance was particularly good or bad. Provide all the tools necessary and consider the training and/or development needs of staff. Individual basis motivation can be achieved using worthwhile work, power of acknowledgement, and personal credibility. People need to know that what they are doing has a meaning. This can be accomplished by delegating tasks that challenge the skills and abilities of staff. Giving staff full responsibility of a task from start to finish and then let staff know the â€Å"why† to a task. Also let the employees know the impact of the result of their work while explaining the company’s visions and goals of the organization. The power of acknowledgement addressesShow MoreRelatedThe Motivation And Employee Motivation1584 Words   |  7 PagesThe central problem that always employers and employees face is the employee motivation. The workers who put no effort to do their best in their jobs which will lead to low quality of work and give no benefit to the organization are the one who are not motivated (Amabile 1993). On the other side, employees who are apparently to be very intelligent, action oriented, ambitious, autonomous and always put an effort and sacrifice their time to put the organization at the ease are the one who feel motivatedRead MoreEmployee Motivation 1164 Words   |  5 Pages Bauer and Erdrogen (2009) define motivation as â€Å"the desire to achieve a goal or a certain performance level, leading to goal–directed behavior† (p.97). McConnell (2006) argues that true motivation is self motivation. Today, health care organizations place a lot of emphasis on production and perfo rmance. However, motivating employees is a common challenge faced by health care managers and Bauer and Erdrogen (2009) state it is also one of the factors that greatly affect performance. McConnell (2006)Read MoreMotivation of Employee2476 Words   |  10 PagesMotivation of Employee People join and work in organization to satisfy their needs. They are fascinated to organizations that have the funds of rewarding their wants. These wealth are called â€Å"incentives (compensation, benefits)† (M. Maccoby, 9) of rewards; organizations use them to initiate people to contribute their efforts on the way to achieve organizational goals. The continued existence of an organization depends on its capability to attract and stimulate people to accomplish these individualRead MoreEmployee Motivation2339 Words   |  10 PagesEmployee Motivation A question often asked by first-line supervisors and managers is â€Å"How do we motivate our employees?† Effectively motivating employees to achieve a desired outcome is one of the most important functions as a supervisor or manager. There is evidence to show organizations are facing challenges retaining employees due to limited opportunities for advancement and the current competitive labor market. It does not appear things will get any better in the future. The loss of employeesRead MoreEmployee Motivation9463 Words   |  38 PagesInsights Into Employee Motivation, Commitment and Retention Barbara J. Kreisman Ph.D. Research/White Paper Insights Denver February, 2002 The Leadership Journey is a supervisory, management, and leadership training system consisting of 24 courses delivered on DVD, CD-ROM, VHS, and Online. Call 1-800-541-7872 or visit www.btedemo.com to preview courses. Page 1 Table of Contents Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 W hy Employee Retention and Motivation Is Important†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 Turbulence In The Work Environment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreMotivation Theories And Motivation Of Employee Motivation Essay1517 Words   |  7 Pagesour control and some that are not. Employee motivation is something that can directly affect an organizations production. It is no secret that un-motivated employees equates to un-productive workers, but how can we combat this? In order to better understand this concept we will look at the definition of employee motivation, some of the motivation theories and some motivation techniques that could be useful in our organizations. What is employee motivation? Motivation is a word used quite often in manyRead MoreMotivation And Efficiency Of Employee Motivation Essay2331 Words   |  10 PagesMotivation is defined as â€Å"the process that account for an individual’s intensity, direction and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Robbins Judge, 2016, p. 126). It is a flat out need to keep employees motivated in the workplace and boost them to perform beyond expectations. In addressing what elements of employment result in both motivation and efficiency, this paper briefly sketches some of the theories of motivation applied in workforce and analyses how these theories are appliedRead MoreEmployee Motivation And Motivation Theory1878 Words   |  8 Pagesvaluable resources for companies and them could be competitive advantages for modern companies. It is important for modern companies to improve employee satisfaction and performance so that they can improve their organisational performance and competitiveness (Armstrong, 2006). As a result, Employee’s motivation management is significantly for companies. Motivation is a cognitive process to guide, initiate, direct and maintain goal-oriented activities. It can also be defined as the driving forces directingRead MoreMotivation Strategy For Employee Motivation Essay2082 Words   |  9 Pagesthe strength and weaknesses of at least two theories of motivation. With the rapid changes of modern business environment, the competition between organizations becomes more and more fierce. In order to be competitive enough to stand out from the rest, businesses try to enhance their competitiveness by improving different area in the management aspect. In addition to, as service sector has become the most dominant industry nowadays, employee?s performance become more crucial as it can directly affectRead MoreEmployee Motivation Essays1371 Words   |  6 PagesEmployee Motivation What motivates employees today? This is an increasing concern to managers today because the definition of motivation is a very complex. One cannot actually define motivation but can give theories to better explain it. In this paper, I am going to talk about some of the major theories and factors that affect motivation at the job. The first theory is the two-factor theory which was suggested

Essay about History of Psychology - 1417 Words

Explain the reasons for the development of psychology as an academic discipline in the 19th and 20th centuries, making explicit the important turning points and breakthroughs. In this essay I am looking at where Psychology as a discipline has come from and what affects these early ideas have had on psychology today, Psychology as a whole has stemmed from a number of different areas of study from Physics to Biology, But the first Psychological foundations are rooted in philosophy, which to this day propels psychological inquiry in areas such as language acquisition, consciousness, and even vision among many others. While the great philosophical distinction between mind and body in western thought can be traced to the Greeks, it is to†¦show more content†¦Founded by John B Watson in 1915 the behaviourist approach studies observed behavioural responses of humans and animals. The behaviourist approach believes we learn to behave in response to our environment, either by stimulus-response association, or as a result of reinforcement. Behaviourists focus on the influence of the environment, they chose not to be concerned with the internal mechanisms that occur inside the organism, they believe that your behaviour depends on what factors are present in the environment at any given time. Another big contributor to this approach is Ivan Pavlov who was made famous for conditioning in which he used dogs in an experiment. The behaviourist approach has been a dominant influence in psychology, it represents one of the ‘hardcore approaches, which has contributed a great deal to our understanding of psychological functioning (Malim Birch, 1998) a common criticism of this approach is that it does not address the possible role of biological factors in human behaviour. And also that it leaves no room for the free will of an individual. In the wake of psychoanalysis and behaviourism, humanistic psychology emerges as the third force in psychology led by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. This approach came about just before the cognitiveShow MoreRelatedHistory of Psychology753 Words   |  4 PagesHistory of Psychology History of Psychology Paper Shirley L Nieves October 21, 2013 PSY/310 Prof. Kelle Daniels The roots of psychology date back to Egypt and the Egyptian mystery system. Psychology has evolved from philosophy, medicine, theology, and science. Psychology evolved out of coalescence of natural science, and also the branch of philosophy which is known as epistemology, which is also known in the theory of knowledgeRead MoreHistory of Psychology852 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Psychology? Psychology is said to be the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The study of human behavior, development, and learning; and also seeks to understand and explain thought, emotion, and behavior. Today the question we are doing falls under the History of Psychology. It deals with the earlier schools (Structuralism and Functionalism) and compares them with the most recent schools of psychology (Gestalt psychology, Psychoanalysis and CognitiveRead MoreThe History of Psychology2719 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction: The History of Psychology Philosophical Background Psychology has no definite, absolute beginning, but there is speculation that early humans were curious about human nature. Serious study of the human psyche began in ancient times, with ancient philosophers began to record their findings and thoughts about behavior and the nature of the human mind. The name ‘psychology is from the two Greek roots, psyche and logos, which mean mind and study, respectively. Psychological thoughtRead MoreHistory of Modern Psychology836 Words   |  4 PagesA History of Modern Psychology Franklyn Rivas UOPX History and Systems in Psychology 310 Lillian Fillpot May 03, 2011 A History of Modern Psychology Before psychology officially became a science, many great intellectuals of previous centuries had contributed to the philosophy behind psychology. This philosophy can be trace back to the times of the Greeks, middle ages, and the renaissance period. However, the link between philosophy and modern psychology became possible in the late 18thRead MoreEssay on The History of Psychology1423 Words   |  6 PagesThe History of Psychology In order to discuss Psychologys history, it is important to understand that psychology still does not have one unifying approach unlike the natural sciences; even the definition of Psychology and what it truly means is still undecided. However I shall attempt to review chronologically its philosophical origins, include how the science of Physics and Biology were placedRead MoreHistory of Psychology Paper1294 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of Psychology Paper Jessica PSY/310 May 3, 2010 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY: I certify that the attached paper, which was produced for the class identified above, is my original work and has not previously been submitted by me or by anyone else for any class. I further declare that I have cited all sources from which I used language, ideas and information, whether quoted verbatim or paraphrased, and that any and all assistance of any kind, which I received while producing this paperRead MoreHistory of Cognitive Psychology1666 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract An analysis of the history of cognitive psychology. Including key ideas, contributors, trends, etc. History of Cognitive Psychology According to G. Miller of Princeton University, cognitive psychology  is an approach to psychology that emphasizes internal mental processes. So, â€Å"since the beginning of experimental psychology in the nineteenth century, there had been interest in the study of higher mental processes. But something discontinuous happened in the late 1950s, something soRead MoreHistory And Systems Of Psychology1795 Words   |  8 Pages History and Systems of Psychology is a course requirement offered to Psychology majors and minors. This course is used to provide majors and minors with the foundation and the evolution of the field of psychology. Within this class, many scholars of discussed. Two scholars that stood out to me in this course would be John Watson and Max Wertheimer. These two particular scholars are responsible for two of the most influential and famous schools of thought, behaviorism and Gestalt psychology. TheseRead MoreThe History Of Social Psychology2266 Words   |  10 PagesThe history of social psychology goes far back in time. â€Å"Aristotle believed that humans were naturally sociable, a necessity which allows us to live together.† (McLeod) Plato was also another influencer in social psychology by saying that â€Å"the state controlled by the individual and encouraged social responsibility through social context. (McLeod) Social psychology is the section of psychology that studies i ndividuals in a social environment. It studies how people think and how they feel, and whyRead MoreHistory And Systems Of Psychology3029 Words   |  13 Pages SOUTHWESTERN ASSEMBLIES OF GOD UNIVERSITY History and Systems of Psychology Psy 4113.00 Instructor: Dr. John Savell History and Systems of Psychology School of Thought Research Paper STUDENT DATA: Name Lauren Frost E-mail: laurenbfrost@lionmail.sagu.edu Phone: (318)372-3825 Semester: Fall 2014 Date: October 8, 2014 Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is the belief that we are blissfully unaware of circumstances that dictate ones emotions and behavior. Psychoanalytic school of thought looks

First Day of Classes Free Essays

A9927139 English Writing March 13, 2013 First Day of Classes (draft 1) Throughout the first twenty years in most of our life, we have attended the first day of classes several times. This time, why not abandon the ancient way and be only one of its kinds. Early in the morning, students come to school half an hour before the bell rings. We will write a custom essay sample on First Day of Classes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Step in to the school gate with a little part of our shirt out, so the prefect can catch us for not tucking the shirts in. The school petrol will definitely have a tremendous impression on us on the first day. Then, once students enter their classrooms, look around the existing mammal in the class, gaze at new classmates appearance and judge a book by its cover to decide whom we want to become friend with. Obviously we do not want to have a new amiga who is pretty but dumb, but at least it is better than without covering and being stupid. During the class, remember not to show off your talent and ability too early, and wait until the last minute. If no one else in the class can answer the question, then go for it. This is how our image of intelligent is formed; hopefully the rest of the class will praise you as Athena. Comes the break time, this is the perfect timing for us to acquaint new friends. We can see herds of pupils gather around and start giggling and gossiping. Try to start a conversation with peers we desire to be friends with and stick to them for the first few days. Friend’s accompany gives a sense of safety. After repeating the last two steps, there comes the end of the day. Farewell to our new friends and wish us a bright tomorrow. How to cite First Day of Classes, Papers

Operation Management for a Typical Business

Questions : Develop a set of process documents with explanation to assess and evaluate effective operations management at the furniture supplier company. 1. Explain linear programming and evaluate critical path analysis and network planning. 2. Evaluate critical path analysis and network planning. 3. Explain the need for operational planning and control in producing a furniture. 4. Design and discuss possible layouts for producing furniture and clearly define operational outcomes. (Candidate may consider specific product category when designing the layout). 5. Produce a network plan and indicate the resultant critical path for any design process of the company. 6. Identify approaches can be used for project management and quality control in sales, stock or purchases process. Answers : Introduction This report would highlight on the implementation of innovative operation policy as well as management that will provide an insight of implementing effective management of operations with the company supplying furniture (Yang, 2003). Also, this study would emphasize on the network diagram as well as incorporation of TQM in the present process of designing of operation management. Understanding on how to organize a typical production process Explanation on Linear Programming and Evaluation of Critical Path analysis and Network Planning Since this company providing furniture is aiming at implementing TQM in its operation management, it must understand the easiest method of producing products. One of the key methods is to utilize linear programming within decision-making process(Wong et al., 2002). This programming supports the firm to minimize the cost as well as maximize profit. The company would be able to utilize linear programming to reduce cost as well as maximize overall sales to enhance the company profits. Thus, the firm is aiming at implementing TQM in the manufacture supply chain. Critical Path analysis and Network Planning Critical path Method: This method is useful in implementing total quality management in the processes of company by assessment of selective activities. Beside, CPM may also support in making of order whereby implementation would occur in presence of activities that would take place as followed by others (Kun-Chang Lee, 2010). One of the key aims of CPM is to use the taken time period while accomplishing the project and that of resources. Network Planning: This concept supports in reducing the task complexity, here in this study, implementing TQM in the present supply chain system of the company, network diagram would denote the project time that would enable scheduling of the entire project (Wankhade and Dabade, 2006). Besides, this diagram would give variables as well as framework to conduct trade off in presence of analysis of sensitivity of the firms present performance. This involves validating work sheet as well as evaluating every available options by means of analyzing cost as well as intangible analysis that may support implementing TQM. Explanation on the need for operational planning and control in furniture producing Operational planning and Control in producing furniture Operational planning Conversions Expected benefit Forecasting demand The demand for the particular furniture is forecasted by the company or assess the demand of the product and accordingly order the wood High Assemble stock Assembling the stock like wood, nails, paints, steel and adhesive low Cutting the wood Items are being machine rather than assemble from the parts. Manufacturing as per the order of the clients (Apte et al. 2011). Low Designing and using adhesive and various other materials Innovating the style of furniture along with selecting the design, greasing and polishing the furniture (Sukarma, 2014) High Checking the quality Quality controller check the quality by assessing the furniture strength and weight and size as per the client demands (Trietsch and Baker, 2012). High Inventory Entire finished product are being keep for the dispatch by using the batch processings. Low Logistics Final send into the stores and from there to consumers. Medium Design the layouts for producing the furniture (chair) Layout design for chair production Analysis Designing the layout Creating the full size images of chair patterns Shape the rear legs In order to do so choose the best lumber , ginding to size and stat cutting and shaping the chair legs Preparing the remaining parts Picking of the right boards as per the strength of the board (Apte et al. 2011). Mortising Create layout and cut the mortises for the chair The loose Tenons Cutting the losses tenons by use of assembling line production and use fine joinery and starts dry fittings (Kwak and Ibbs, 2009). Shape the legs and rails Shaping the legs and add an stylish curvature to the face of seat Start the chair back Shape and cut the joinery for the crest railing and back splat Assemble and glue up and Spring up Assembling the chair in sections and spring the chair (Lee and Kim, 2009). Upholstery using cloth and cushion and finishing Complete the chair with slip seat and easy ti apply finish. Implementation of TQM within the existing designing process of company Activity Description Activity duration (days) Depends on A Preparing the technicals specifications 10 - B Tender processing 25 A C Work orders 3 B D Supply of equipments 60 C E Supply of TQM 20 C F Supply of fittings 10 C G Civil work 15 C H Installations 5 E,FG I Monitoring 10 DH J Dummy testing 2 I Activity Depends on Normal time Crash time Normal cost Crash cost A - 10 8 4900 6000 B A 25 24 3000 6000 C B 3 2 2000 3300 D C 60 58 1600 3000 E C 20 19 5000 6000 F C 10 9 1800 4000 G C 15 13 6000 8000 H E,FG 5 4 8000 9000 I DH 10 9 3000 4000 J I 2 1 1000 2000 Approaches for Project management and Quality control for Sales, Stock or Purchases process Sales: In this category, the firm must seek for using E-CRM that would enable the form in maintaining relationship with the customers by assessing their demands on a regular basis. This E-CRM forms one if the most effective techniques for analyzing the quality control. Inventory: For maintaining effective inventory, JIT system should be implemented as the company can maintain its inventory effectively through JIT. This would satisfy the demands of the customers (Kun-Chang Lee, 2010). Purchase process: Effective purchasing process can be maintained through e-procurement that would enable the analysis of the quality of products as demanded by the company. This would enable the supplier to maintain a constant position with the company (Sukarma, 2014). Conclusion As referred to in the above discussion, it is identified that the Furniture Company is aiming at implementing TQM in its system of supply chain. Besides, network diagram would allow to attain shortest path technique to implement TQM. Finally, in presence of e-procurement and e-CRM and also JIT, the company can significantly ascertain the product quality of all finished goods. References Amasaka, K. (2012).Science TQM, new quality management principle. [Sharjah, U.A.E.]: Bentham Science Publishers. Arnold, J. and Chapman, S. (2001).Introduction to materials management. London: Prentice Hall. Cerra, A. and Bonadio, P. (2000). As relaes entre estratgia de produo, TQM (Total Quality Management ou Gesto da Qualidade Total) e JIT (Just-In-Time): estudos de caso em uma empresa do setor automobilstico e em dois de seus fornecedores.Gesto Produo, 7(3). Dubey, R. and Singh, T. (2015). Understanding complex relationship among JIT, lean behaviour, TQM and their antecedents using interpretive structural modelling and fuzzy MICMAC analysis.The TQM Journal, 27(1), pp.42-62. Fadeyi, M. (2012). Compromise between ventilation, filtration strategies and recirculation rates for the design and operation of air-conditioned facilities in the tropics.Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 8(1), pp.6-20. Feridun, M., Korhan, O. and Ozakca, A. (2005). Impact Of Total Quality Management (TQM), Activity Based Costing (ABC), and Just-In-Time (JIT) on corporate financial performance: an empirical analysis on the Turkish textile industry.IFE PsychologIA, 13(2). Heaver, T., Meersman, H. and Van De Voorde, E. (2001). Co-operation and competition in international container transport: strategies for ports.Maritime Policy Management, 28(3), pp.293-305. Zelbst, P., W. Green, Jr, K., E. Sower, V. and D. Abshire, R. (2014). Impact of RFID and information sharing on JIT, TQM and operational performance.Management Research Review, 37(11), pp.970-989. Kun-Chang Lee, (2010). Case Study for Successful KMS Operation Strategies Leading to Organizational Innovation and Performance Enhancement.The Knowledge Management Society of Korea, 11(5), pp.25-36. Rhodes, E., Warren, J. and Carter, R. (2006).Supply chains and total product systems. Malden (MA): Blackwell. Soleymani, S. (2013). Nash equilibrium strategies of generating companies (Gencos) in the simultaneous operation of active and reactive power market, with considering voltage stability margin.Energy Conversion and Management, 65, pp.292-298. Sukarma, L. (2014). Enhancing Firm Competitiveness through Concurrent Implementation of TQM, JIT and TPM.AMM, 660, pp.976-982. Sukarma, L. (2014). The Critical Role of TQM, JIT, and TPM in the Revisiting World Class Manufacturing and Manufacturing Excellence.AMM, 660, pp.959-965. Wankhade, L. and Dabade, B. (2006). TQM with quality perception: a system dynamics approach.The TQM Magazine, 18(4), pp.341-357. Wong, W., Han, B., Ferreira, L., Zhu, X. and Sun, Q. (2002). Evaluation of management strategies for the operation of high-speed railways in China.Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 36(3), pp.277-289. Yang, C. (2003). The establishment of a TQM system for the health care industry.The TQM Magazine, 15(2), pp.93-98. Yeh, Y. (2003). Implementing a sustainable TQM system: employee focus.The TQM Magazine, 15(4), pp.257-265. Zelbst, P., Green, K., Abshire, R. and Sower, V. (2010). Relationships among market orientation, JIT, TQM, and agility.Industr Mngmnt Data Systems, 110(5), pp.637-658.

The Negative Consequences of Employing High School Students in Fast Food Restaurants

High school age is an important stage in the lives of young people. It is also the most crucial age, as they released from the care and security of their parents to the autonomy and independence that come with adulthood. At this stage, the choice of further education seems to be the most imperative decision that parents and the young adults have to make.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Negative Consequences of Employing High School Students in Fast Food Restaurants specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It presents a paradoxical situation as education, maturation and work experience are all important to them. The proponent argues that getting a first part time or full time job gives students a possibility to acquire new skills such as responsibility, self confidence, time management and entrepreneurship. The first job can be the first step in developing future career. However, critics argue that working in fast foo d restaurants play no part in developing the student’s career. Though the research done by Devine indicates that most parents support the idea of teenagers working, this may have detrimental effects to their careers and academics in the long run (16). Therefore, high school students should not be allowed to work in fast food restaurants. Schlosser’s book, Fast Food Nation, exposes the difficulties and problems that teenagers face when working in these fast food restaurants (32). More often, these students suffer from depression, neglect school assignments and develop a negative attitude to work. According to Schlosser, students’ academic and professional careers are negatively affected by part time jobs (33). Schlosser’s book documents a story of Elisa Zamolt which is a case study of the stress and frustration faced by high school students working in the restaurants. Quoting from Schlosser book; â€Å"Teenagers have been the perfect candidates for these jobs, not only because they are less expensive to hire than adults, but also because their youthful inexperience makes them easier to control† (Schlosser, 30). On the other hand, Devine’s study shows that 90% of the parents support high school students working in restaurants and service sectors (16). However, his work also documents contradicting arguments by Prof. Hendry who states that, though these skills are important, students working in these restaurants end up becoming frustrated as skills directly related to their career paths are not engrained during this process. In the words of Prof. Hendry â€Å"it is up to the society to ensure it doesn’t just end at 20 or 21 and that there are other outlets so their skills can be transferred into more serious occupations† (Devine 16). It is important that parents and teachers guide students towards their chosen career paths. In addition, most of the life skills can be acquired by other ways, such as; training , seminars, participation in voluntary services and through education.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One main argument put forward by critics, and supported in this work, is the fact that involvement of these students in these jobs takes most of their academic time. As a result, students fail to attain their academic achievements and become frustrated as these jobs do not present opportunities to advance. Only students with career paths in the hospitality sector should work at these restaurants in is line with the hotel industry. Though these part time jobs are good, they should be in line with an individual’s career path. For example, students aspiring to become doctors and nurses should be employed at health facilities. In this way, they will not only gain life skills such as self confidence and responsibility, but also become skilled in their career paths. Part t ime jobs are encouraged since they prepare individuals for adult roles and responsibilities. However, working in these restaurants fails to provide a quantifiable justification that students have attained psychological maturity. Not only should such employments inculcate maturity, but should also encourage students to continue with their studies and attain their career aspiration. This is however not the case as these fast food restaurants only exploit the teenagers to their advantage. Not all high school students would want to become fast food chain managers, it is therefore imperative that high school students should first gain academic excellence and then work in their desired fields where they have more opportunities for advancing in their careers (Marsh and Kleitman 333). Most of the examples presented in the Devine’s article document stories of success of high school students who took up part time employment (16). Interestingly, the article does not evaluate how these i ndividuals performed at school or whether they continued their career paths in the hospitality industry or in their fields of specialization. Such factors are important, if not critical, for this evaluation. Most studies focus on stories of success without revealing the inverse nature of employment while being in high school. (Warren and LePore 3). In conclusion, though part time jobs are being encouraged by parents as being considered as important step in transforming teenagers into adults, students and parents should be cautioned that such employment hinders successful academic and career development of most students.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Negative Consequences of Employing High School Students in Fast Food Restaurants specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Teenagers should be encouraged to undertake part time jobs in organizations that are closely related to their future careers. In addition, high sch ool students should be advised that education and their careers are more important as compared to working at fast food restaurants. Works Cited Devine, Darren. â€Å"Part time Job is good for Your Teenager’s Growing-up.† Western Mail  10 July. 2006:16. Print. Marsh, Herbert and Sabina Kleitman.â€Å"Consequences of Employment during High School: Character Building, Subversion of Academic Goals, Or a Threshold?†Ã‚  American Educational Research Journal 42.2 (2005):331-339.Print. Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation: What the All-American Meal Is Doing To the World, London: Penguin books, 2002. Print. Warren, Robert and LePore Paul. Employment during High School: Consequences for  Students’ Grades in Academic Courses, Los Angeles: University of California, 2000. Print. This essay on The Negative Consequences of Employing High School Students in Fast Food Restaurants was written and submitted by user Cristian Bowman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Understanding Endings on Latin Comparative Adjectives

Understanding Endings on Latin Comparative Adjectives Parents of English-speaking children generally witness a phase in their childrens development when they seem confused as to the correct form of the comparative adjective. Is it more better, gooder, or what? That children generally do figure it out is part of the miracle of our ability to use language. When learning a second language as an adult, its much harder. Comparatives can definitely become eye-glossing-over material. They wouldnt be if the comparatives were all regular and easy, but there is little to tell you which adjectives are going to be regular, which in English means they take an -er or -ier ending, or irregular, which means... who knows what. Although we could probably do without this similarity with English, Latin, too, has not only regular  but also irregular adjectives: Bonus - good, melior/melius - better (irregular in Latin and English)Malus - bad, pejus/pejor - worse (irregular in Latin and English)Magnus - great, major/majus - greaterParvus - small, little, minor/minus -less (irregular in Latin and English)Multus - much, many, plures - more (irregular in Latin and English) In addition to having irregular adjectives in the comparative, Latin adjectives have to be declined to go along with the noun or pronoun they modify. Remember that declining an adjective to go along with the noun means that If the noun is neuter, so is the adjective.If the noun is plural, so is the adjective.If the noun is in one case, so is the adjective. In the comparative, you dont have to worry about whether the noun is masculine or feminine, just whether or not its neuter. Thats because the endings on comparative adjectives dont follow the 1st and 2nd declensions. Instead, comparative adjectives follow the 3rd declension, with the following exceptions. no -i, but an -e for the ablative singular,an -a instead of -ia for the neuter plural nominative/accusative, anda similar lack of /i/ for the neuter plural. Now well look at some actual declensions of an adjective in the comparative: the Latin for longer. The Latin for long is longus, -a, um. To find the base of the adjective, which you need, since you add the ending to it, look at the genitive and remove the genitival ending. The genitive singular forms of longus, -a, -um are longi, longae, longi. Removing the genitive endings leaves long-. It is to this base that the comparative endings are added, as shown: Singular nom. masc/fem. longiorgen. masc/fem. longiorisdat. masc/fem. longioriacc. masc/fem. longioremabl. masc/fem. longiorenom. neut. longiusgen. neut. longiorisdat. neut. longioriacc. neut. longiusabl. neut. longiore Plural nom. masc/fem. longioresgen. masc/fem. longiorumdat. masc/fem. longioribusacc. masc/fem. longioresabl. masc/fem. longioribusnom. neut. longioragen. neut. longiorumdat. neut. longioribusacc. neut. longioraabl. neut. longioribus

Mexican Chicago Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mexican Chicago - Essay Example Gabriela Arredondo is a renowned historian and associate professor of Latino studies at the University of California, Santa Cruz. The author based her thesis on the revolutionary content of the Mexican ethnic group between 1916 and 1939. In these periods Mexicans were a different ethnic group though it worked to be assimilated into a city that had a renowned history of incorporating the immigrants and the newcomers. For example, based on the revolutionary context of origin of the Mexican in Chicago between 1916 and 1930, Arredondo believes that these Mexicans did not merely form part of the ethnic groups that worked to be assimilated into a city with long history of absorbing newcomers. In addition, supporting and suggesting a new understanding of the identity formation Arredondo argues that Mexicans wielded tools of identification that emerged in the revolutionary Mexico. These avant-garde tools collectively battled the ethnic groups prejudice such as Italians, Poles, African Americans and the Irish communities. Finally, in the direct view of Mexicans, they highlighted tremendous and unique differences among themselves. These differences were based on gender and class. In the discussion of becoming â€Å"Mexican† in Chicago during the early 20th century, Arredondo not only explores the identity construction but also comes up with a provision and telling insight of the repercussions of this identity formation process. In my opinion, although the author’s attention to the homeland circumstances of the Mexicans in Chicago is warranted, her elaboration of the analogy in this context is largely flawed, incomplete and inaccurate. For example, in her attempts to compare Mexican immigrants with the European immigrants, Arrerondo has virtually ignored a number of historical factors that may have contributed to their acceptance status and their

Information Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Information Technology - Essay Example The telephone, as defined by the Merriam-Webster dictionary, is an instrument for reproducing sounds at a distance. In the process sound is converted into electrical impulses for transmission. According to Anderson and Johannesson (2005), the telephone evolved rapidly due to its instant nature. The predecessor of the telephone, the telegraph is hardly present or even heard of today, but the telephone has persisted for more than a hundred years. This is due to the fact that the absence of intermediaries made the two parties easily exchange information in real time without much delay, just by talking on both ends of the line as compared to the telegraph. For the later part of the 20th century, the telephone has come a long way. From originally being connected in a wired network, the originally analogue system of transmitting signals in telephone lines became digital, to accommodate more customers. Also, since the data being received and sent are rather bulky, high-speed transmission is important, which needs the digitizing of data being exchanged (Lee, 1997: 3-4). Due to the perceived promise of the telephone technology in accommodating and innovating its functions to fit the continuously improving information technology system, it became one of the key elements in the present era of communication. The mobile phone’s origins can be traced from the mobile two-way radio, which were used in fire trucks and police cars. Soon, mobile telephony for the general public grew, and eventually a system of using transmitters that covered small patches of land that could hand off transmissions as a user moves around became the forerunner of cellular technology (Anderson & Johannesson, 2005:24). Eventually, the use of analogue frequency modulation became replaced by digital telephony, by the introduction of GSM, or Global System for Mobile communications. There are numerous technologies along the line of these

Spectrophotometric Assay for Lipase Activity

Spectrophotometric Assay for Lipase Activity Decomposition of human and animals bodies depends on numbers of factors. One of these factors is the presence of bacteria, both endogenous and exogenous of the body. They use the environmental factors to drive the decomposition of the tissues in the body. The various tissues are degraded at different rates by different bacterial cells. As it was seen in the model burial of a pig that is the early stages of decomposition Gram negative bacterial were mostly present in the decaying body. But after 6 7 weeks later the Gram negative bacteria started to decrease as the number of Gram positive bacteria present in the decaying body started to increase. The bacteria produce enzymes which break down any tissue in the body. In the adipose tissue bacteria produces lipases which is secreted in to he tissue and slowly starts to break down the fat. Lipases producing bacterial has been collected from a model burial environment without any environmental factors to see if there is a difference in the activity of the lipase enzyme which are produced by different bacteria species. These bacteria were used in two of the spectrophotometric assay that has been described in the literature. The turbidity assay shows how quickly the lipase enzyme can break down the lipid in the emulsion solution. On the other hand the BALB (dimercaprol Tributyrate) DTNB (5, 5- dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid)) method shows the increase in the product that is produced by the lipase. INTRODUCTION Lipases are found naturally as it is produced by plants, animals and micro-organisms. In the last few decades, the micro-organism production of lipases has been studied for commercial use, which leads to bacterial lipases being studied a great deal. Lipase enzymes breakdown and mobilize lipids which are present within the cell of the organism and the breakdown of lipid is also present in the environment. However there are many questions still unanswered. For example, is the activity of the lipases different when they are produced by different strains or species of bacteria? Hopefully in this research paper, this question will be answered. Bacterial Lipases When bacteria is grown in a surrounding of hydrophobic media, the bacterial cell releases lipase for the breakdown of fats in the environment for a source of energy. Bacteria produce lipases during the late phases of log phases and in the stationary phases. Lipases are hydrolases which hydrolyzes triacylglycerols in aqueous conditions to form fatty acids and glycerol. The reaction releases energy which is used for growth of the bacteria which is why the bacterium produces lipases within these phases. The substrates of the lipases are triacylglycerols which are hydrophobic and the reaction occurs in aqueous condition and this leads to the reaction occurring in lipid-water interface. Some lipases can also catalyze the synthesis of long chain fatty acids. Lipases contains ÃŽ ±/ÃŽ ² fold, which has eight ÃŽ ² sheets in the middle which are parallel except for the second ÃŽ ² sheet and the sheets are surrounded by ÃŽ ± helices. This fold offers a scaffold for the active site in the lipase molecule. The active site or binding site of the lipase molecule is where the interface occurs. This is where the chains of the enzyme are subdivided; at the bottom of the active site is where the ester bond binds to which means this region is hydrophilic. Towards the surface of the enzyme is where the molecule binds to the fatty acids and therefore this region is hydrophobic. Within the ÃŽ ²-sheets there is an area which is highly conserved which is made up of the triad which is a nucleophile and histidine. The nucleophile is made up several amino acids, which are Serine, Cysteine or aspartic acid. The nucleophile is present on ÃŽ ²5 and the histidine is present on ÃŽ ²7. The histidine is the only highly conserved area of the active site/enzyme that d iffers in shape and structure from one type of lipase enzyme to another. Another area of the active site that is important but only present in some type of lipases is the lid. This area is what gives the lipase enzyme the structural explanation of the interface property. When the substrate comes into contract with the lid, it opens the lipid water interface where the substrate binds to for the reaction to occur. Some lipase molecules are only active in the presence of Ca2+ and this is due to the subdivisions of the active site being bound together by the Ca2+ion. The hydrophobic region of the active site leads to less inhibitors that can bind to and inactivate the enzyme. Since lipases are extracellular enzymes, the secretion/production of these enzymes is affected by a number of factors: Nutritional enzymes are produced when the bacteria is in the presence of a lipid environment such as oil, tweens, hydrolyzable esters and triacylglycerols. These are the main sources of lipid but many bacteria can produce lipases in the presence of various sources of substrates. For example Pseudomonas aeruginosa produce lipase in the presence of long chain fatty acids such as oleic and linoleic acid. Temperature the temperature at which maximum production of lipase can occur depends on the optimum temperature for growth of bacteria. The temperature normally ranges from 30 60Â °C, but some can survive at colder or warmer temperatures. Therefore it depends on the type of bacteria in question. pH normally bacterial lipases are active in neutral pH or alkaline pH. However there are a few exceptions like Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase has an optimum pH of 4.8, whereas most bacterial species possess stability over a broad range of pH of 4 10. Effect of ion one type of lipase which is produced by Pseudomonas species is activated by the presence of Ca2+ ion in the environment. Growth of bacteria if the bacterial cell is present in the log phase then the production of lipase is decreased in the bacterial cell. Inhibitors inhibition of lipases does not affect the production or the secretion of the enzyme but affects the activity of the enzyme. There are two types of inhibitors; irreversible or reversible. The reversible inhibitors are split into two types. The first of which are non specific as they bind to the enzyme but not at the active site. When the inhibitor binds to the enzyme, the active site changes and therefore prevents the lipases from binding to the substrate as the structure of the active site has been changed. An example of this type of inhibitor is bile salts. However bile salts can activate some lipases such as the lipase produced by the pancreas. The second type of reversible inhibitors is specific inhibitors as they bind to the active site of the lipase enzyme. They can also be irreversible as the interaction between the inhibitor and the enzyme is so strong that it cannot be broken. An example of this type of inhibitor is boronic acid which can bind to the active site f or a long time but can still be removes leaving the active site unchanged. These types of inhibitors bind to the triad of the active site, which means that when they bind to the triad, the interaction is irreversible. There are three major types of microbial lipases depending on the substrate they bind to. Nonspecific these enzymes act randomly on the lipid substrate molecules which then completely breakdown the molecule. For example with the triglyceride molecule, the enzyme will break the ester in random fashion until the molecule is complete broken down to fatty acids and glycerol. Regiospecific these enzymes only hydrolyze the primary ester bond, these are the C1 and C3 bonds in the triglyceride molecule , which means that when hydrolyzing triglycerides the final products are free fatty acids, 1, 2(2,3)-diacylglyceride and 2-monoacylglyceride. Fatty acid-specific there are some bacteria that only produce this type of lipase and they bind to fatty acids which are then broken down by the lipase. One type of bacteria that can produce lipases that only bind fatty acids is the Achromobacterium lipolyticum. Other bacteria that produce this type of enzyme are Bacillus species which mostly bind to long chained fatty acids. However other bacteria like Pseudomonas species produce lipases that can bind to short or medium length of fatty acids. Staphylococcus aureus can produce a lipase molecule that can bind to unsaturated fatty acids. Lipase in Decomposition The bacteria that are going to be used in the research project are bacteria that were purified from a model burial environment. The bacteria that were present in the model burial environment must have been already been present in the pigs body, which means that all the bacteria that are going to be used are endogenous bacteria that are part of the pigs microflora. The bacteria sample had been taken out of the fluid from the decaying organism in a steel box which was free from all external environmental factors except from oxygen. The sample of bacteria was taken two times a week and then towards the end it was reduced to once a week. It was discovered that at the beginning of the decaying process the bacteria that were present were Gram negative bacteria. However after week 9 the bacteria that were growing in the decaying pig changed from Gram negative to Gram positive. These bacterial cells can release lipases which can break down fats in the body which leads to the formation of adi pocere. Adipocere is made up from a mixture of saturated fatty acids which have been produced during decomposition of the adipose tissue in the body. These adipoceres are formed straight away after death by lipases which are present inside the body. These lipases are mostly produced by the bacteria in the body of the pig which breaks down triglycerides to free fatty acids. If in a suitable environment, bacteria release lipases for hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids to its saturated form. Lipase Assays There are two assays that will be performed to find out the activity of the lipase which are present in the solution. The first is based on BALB DTNB method and it uses dimercaprol tributyrate (BALB) and 5, 5 dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DNTB). The lipase enzyme binds to BALB and cleaves it to form an SH group which then binds to DNTB. The product then forms a yellow product which then increases the absorbance which can be measured using a spectrophotometer. The colour intensity is measured at 412 nm; the colour change is proportional to the activity to lipase at to 1:1 ratio. The second assay also uses the spectrophotometer but this time it measures the optical density of the solution instead of measuring the amount of product that is formed. Tributyrin and olive oil is emulsified in the solution which gives a turbid appearance. As the lipase breaks down the lipid in the assay solution, the optical density of the solution decreases which can be measured. The optical density of the solute ion can be measured at 450nm. Both assays measure the activity of the lipase but in two different ways. The first measures the amount of product that is formed while the second measures the breakdown of the substrate. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Decomposition of human or animal bodies is dependent upon a number of factors. Bacteria which are endogenous (in the body) and exogenous (in the environment) are the key components of decomposition. Different tissues in the body degrade at different rates and are degraded by different bacteria. Previously it has been shown that bacteria in the model burial environment can produce lipases which breakdown the lipids found within the tissues of the body. However it does not tell you if there are different lipases that are secreted by different bacterial cells. Lipase production was demonstrated by using plate assay when lipase breaks down tween 20. Therefore it does not compare the different lipases produced and the activity of different bacterial species. There have been different spectrophotometric assays that have been described in the literature to calculate the activity of lipase enzymes, but only two of these will be used. The bacteria that is going to be used in the assay has been purified from fluid from a decaying pig in a steel box which is free from all external environmental factors expect oxygen. Two assays are going to be preformed to find the activity of lipase, the first one similar to the BALB DTNB method. Lipase forms a SH group on BALB which then binds to DTNM to give a yellow product. The amount of product that is formed in a solution is related to the activity of lipase in a 1:1 reacting ratio which is a direct measurement of the activity. The colour change is measured at 420 nm. The second assay is also measure the change in the solution but this time it measures the decrease of the substrate that is left in the solution. It measures the density of the solution, as the substrate (olive oil) is denser than the product. The density is measured 450 nm. The decreased of the substrate is related to the activity of lipase. At first before anything can be done we need to see if the bacteria cells produced lipase is by growing them in a plate which contains Tween 80. If the Tween is broken down then the bacterial cell produces lipase. MATERIALS AND METHODS The bacterial strains that were given to me were extracted from fluid from a pig that was decaying in a steel box which had a controlled environment that was free from all external environment factors expect fresh air. Bacterial Media The bacterial strains were grown in half nutrient agar which was made from 2.6g of nutrient broth (OXOID, Basingstoke, England) and 4.8g of Agar bacteriological (OXIOD) in 400ml of water which was autoclaved and then poured in to 20ml Petri dish. The bacterial strains were plated and left in a 30Â °C incubator overnight. After the bacteria were grown on just half nutrient agar, they were then grown on half nutrient agar with 4ml of sterile Tween 80 (SIGMA ALDRICH, UK) and 400Â µl of 10% of CaCl2 (scientific equipment, Loughborough, England). Again the plates were placed in a 30Â °C incubator. The bacterial strains were also grown in minimal medium agar which contained 2.8g of Potassium Hydrogen Orthophosphate (BDH Laboratory Supplies, Poole, England), 1.2g Sodium Dihydrogen Orthophosphate (BDH LS) and 0.04g of Magnesium Sulphate (BDH LS) in 200ml of sterile water and 2.4g of Agar bacteriological. After the solution came out of the autoclave, 2ml of Tween 80 was added and 200Â µl of 10 % CaCl2. For the bacterial strains to be used in spectrophotometric assay, the strains had to be grown in liquid media. The bacterial strains were grown in two different types of media, Tryptic Soy Broth and Minimal Medium. The Tryptic Soy Broth (TBS) was made from 30g/L Tryptone Soya Broth (OXIOD) which was autoclaved. After the bacteria were added to the media, the bottle was placed in a shaking incubator at 37Â °C over night. The Minimal Medium contained 14g/L of potassium hydrogen orthophosphate, 6g/L sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate and 0.2g/L of magnesium sulphate. 100Â µl of Tributyrate (SIGMA ALDRICH) was added to 10ml of the Minimal Media. The bacteria were added to the media and then placed in a shaking incubator at 37Â °C over night. Sample Solutions After the bacteria are left to grow, the media is used to make up three different samples of bacteria to use in both of the assays. The first sample is purified bacterial strain from the media and this was obtained when 1ml of the media was placed in a sterile eppendorf tube which was then centrifuged at full speed for 2 minutes. The supernatant was replaced with 500Â µl of 150mM of CaCl2 and 500Â µl of 200mM of Tris buffer (12.11g of Trizma base in 150ml of water and then 0.1M of HCl was added to make the pH of the solution 8, this to make 0.5M Tris Buffer which was then diluted to make 200mM solution) (SIGAM ALDICH). The second sample was done in the same manner but instead of adding Tris buffer and CaCl2 to the pellet, PBS (Phosphate buffered saline) solution is utilized to re-suspend the pellet and 2ml of the media solution is used. Each suspension was transferred in to a different Bijou Bottle which is kept on ice. The suspension in the Bijou Bottle is sonicated twice for 30 seconds at 30W. The last sample was made when the media solution is filtered with the use of a sterile syringe and sterile 0.2Â µm pore syringe filter and placing the filtered solution into a sterile universal bottle. 3ml of the media was only filtered. The samples were ready for the assay and two different that were used. They both measured the absorbance of the solution at different wavelengths. One measured the turbidity of the solution while the other looked at the change in the absorbance of the solution. Turbidity Assay For the turbidity assay an emulsion solution is made and it is made from 100mM of Tris buffer (4.975ml), 50mM of CaCl2 (4.975ml) and 50ml of lipid source (either olive oil or Tributyrate or both). The solution was sonicated for 3 minutes at 40W. The solution is left in a water bath until it is used for the assay. The emulsion solution is used in three different ways as the assay was performed in a cuvette, Petri dish or 96 well plate. When done in a cuvette, 40mg of low melting point agarose (SIGMA ALDRICH) is added and the boiled before sonication. The agarose stabilises the emulsion. If the assay was done in a 96 well plate, then no agarose is necessary. The last test that is performed is in 20ml plates; 20ml of the emulsion solution is made up with 80mg of agarose to made a solid media (INVITROGEN, Paisley, UK) which is then boiled before and after sonication. For the 96 wells plate, 200Â µl of the emulsion solution was placed in each well and then 20Â µl of the sample solution was added. As soon as the sample was added the absorbance is measured at 450nm to measure the optical density of the solution. The absorbance was then measured every 15 minutes up to 60 minutes. Here the samples that were used were grown in the Minimal Medium. The lipid source in this part of the assay was 25Â µl of olive oil and 25Â µl of Tributyrate in 10ml of the emulsion solution. For the assay that was done in the cuvette 1L of the emulsion solution was added to a micro cuvette and 100Â µl of the sample solution. The absorbance was also measured at 450nm as soon as the sample is been added and then every 5 minutes up to 45 minutes. The lipid source is 50Â µl of olive oil in 10ml of emulsion solution. For the plate assay after the solution was boiled for the second time, the solution was poured in to a plate for the agarose to set. After the agarose was set, wells were made in the agarose using a hollow punch about 8mm in diameter which was filled with 10Â µl of the sample solution and the plate was left at room temperature over night. In 20ml of the emulsion solution the lipid source was 50Â µl of each olive oil and Tributyrate. Colour Assay (BALB DNTB Method) The second assay measures the absorbance change in the working solution. The working solution is made from BALB (SIGMA ALDRICH) and DNTB (SIGMA ALDRICH) and Tris buffer solution. The working solution was made from 1 ml of BALB is added to 17.5ml of 0.5M of Tris Buffer at pH 8.5 and 625mg of DNTB. 150Â µl of the working solution is added to the well after adding 150Â µl of water. To this 10Â µl of the sample was added. When the assay was done in 96 well plate the absorbance was measured after the sample was added at 405nm and then every 10 minutes for 30 minutes. When the assay was done in a cuvette, at first 400Â µl of water was placed in the cuvette then 380Â µl of the working solution was added to the water. Then the 20Â µl of the working sample was added into the cuvette. The absorbance was the measured at 412 nm for the 20 minutes. The reason why there is a difference in the wavelength in which the absorbance is measured is due to the plate reader not being able to read the absorbance at 412nm. For this assay the samples that were used were prepared from the bacteria that were grown in TSB. RESULTS When the bacteria colonies were grown on the agar plate which had Tween 80 and CaCl2, around the colonies there was the presence of halos or the colonies has a halo this can be seen in figure 1a. The arrow shows the halo colonies of the bacteria species. The bacteria colonies that were placed on other plates was not as clear as 16C but the halo can only be seen when the plates are held up by the light (result not shown). Turbidity Assay The first assay that was done was the turbidity assay in a cuvette, the optical density of the solution did not increase or decrease, and it just stayed the same. But when the assay was done in the 96 well plate the optical density increased when the bacteria were added to the well, and then decrease and keep decreasing even after 60 minutes (figure 2a). Then the filtered media was added to the emulsion solution in the 96 well plate, the optical density again decreased. However not all the bacteria were filtered to see if there was a decrease in the optical density (figure 3). Only some of the bacteria were used to see if it was an enzyme that was decreasing the optical density and not the bacterial cells. However the general result showed a decrease in the optical density except for 2 bacterial strains (1A and 4A) which showed an increase in the optical density after 30 minutes and then it optical density again. Then the bacteria cell free lysates were added to the welled plate and the same result appeared as the optical density levels decreased once again. The bacteria that were used were the same bacteria that were used in the filtered part of the assay (figure 4). After 45 minutes the optical density is starting to level off. The gradient of the line for all the bacteria strains are the same as they all decrease at the same rate expect for bacteria strain 5 which has flatter gradient than the rest. For the plate test in the turbidity assay, the bacterial solution in the well was not present and no zone of clearance was noticeable in any of the plates (figure 1b). Only one of the plates is shown in the figure and the rest of the plates looked the same as no zone could be seen. Colour Assay (BALB DNTB Method) In the BALB-DNTB method, the absorbance increases when bacteria strain 6 was added to the working solution in a cuvette and measured for 20 minutes. The increase was slow for the first 10 minutes and then increased at a faster rate for the next 10 minutes, figure 5. When the assay was done in the welled plate, the absorbance increases for all the strains but some increase more than others. For example strain 5 increased from 4.204 to 4.412 while strain 1 only increased from 4.241 to 4.265. This is shown in a table in figure 2b. When only the media in which the bacteria grew in was added as the sample, the absorbance also increased for most of the bacterial strains but not as much as when the bacterial cells were added. For some of the strains the absorbance decreased. For example in strain 1 there was a decrease from 4.241 to 4.235, figure 2c. The same happened when the content of the bacterial cell was added to the working solution. But when the absorbance increased, the increase was bigger than the increase when media was added (figure 2d). However there were still some strains in which the absorbance still decreased in 20 minutes but the absorbance increased from 0 to 10 minutes and then decreased from 10 to 20 minutes. Figure 1, (a) the plate has been plated with strain 16C (left) and 16B (right); the halo can be seen clear by the arrow which is the colonies of bacteria 16C. However the halo can not be seen clearly in the colonies of bacteria. (b), the plate contain solid emulsion solution with well which contain lipases from different bacteria, and there is no presence of zone of clearance from any of the well. There were 3 plates in total and all look the same (only one is shown) but the well had different lipases from different bacteria. Figure 2, A is a table that shows the optical density change when bacterial was added to emulsion solution for the turbidity assay. The optical density decreases when the bacterial cells were added to the emulsion solution. The next 3 tables are showing the absorbance change when the strains were added to the working solution for the colour BALB-DNTB method, (B) has bacterial cells added to the working solution; (C) has only filtered media, which had bacteria growing in, was added and lastly (D) had bacterial cells free lysates added. In the colour assay the absorbance increased in all three cases. DISCUSSION Bacteria produce lipases that can break down or hydrolyse lipid molecules such as fats and oils. They produce lipases in the log phase of growth when there is a high level of lipid source for energy. There are different lipases which can break down different lipid molecules. The bacterium produces lipases to break down lipid for energy as adequate amount energy is present in lipids. As most of the lipids cannot cross the cell membrane, the lipid has to be catabolised into smaller lipid molecules which can then enter the cell where it is broken down further. Lipases from bacteria are studied for industrial uses. Here it was studied to see if the lipases that were produced from different bacteria are different and if there was any variation in the activity of the lipases. When the bacterial cells were grown on agar plate without any Tween 80 the bacterial colonies do not have any halos or precipitate around the colonies. But when some of the bacteria were grown in agar that contained Tween 80 and CaCl2 the colonies had halo colonies 3 to 8 days after they were inoculated. In the past Tween has been used for lipase activity to see if the bacteria produce lipase. If lipases are produced then it binds to the Tween and breaks the Tween down to fatty acids. The fatty acids then bind to the Ca in the media which forms crystals. These crystals then become soluble in the media which can then be seen by eye as halos. Some of the colonies had halos which meant that the cell produced lipases. Figure 6, the turbidity plate assay should have looked like this but what the figure 1b shows. There the one of clearance can be seen very clearly where as in the plate in figure 1b there are no clearing at all what meant the assay did not work at all. The turbidity assay that was done is the plate which showed no zone of clearance, it should have had zone of clearance around the well which contained the sample of bacteria. The bacteria in the wells should have diffused out of the well and in to the agarose media in which the bacteria should have released lipases to break down the olive oil and Tributyrate. When the lipids were broken down the media would have become clear. The plate should have look like figure 6 from, the zone of clearance is shown very clearly. The other assay that did not work was the same assay that was done with the cuvette. This is when the absorbance levels did not decrease but just stayed the same. The absorbance levels should have decreased and the reason in why this did not occur is not known. It might have been due to the stability of the solution as the agarose must have been concentrated which meant that the bacteria solution was not able to diffuse through the media. The concentration of agarose might be the problem because when agarose was not added like in the 96 well plate part of the assay, the absorbance of the emulsion solution decreased. This was due to the emulsion solution being turbid by lipid in the solution when sonicated, when the bacteria sample was added the optical density increased slightly as the bacteria cell scatter the light which leads to the increase in the optical density absorbance levels. The bacteria cell then releases lipase in the solution or lipase that are inside the cell break down the lipid in the emulsion solution which then leads to the decrease in the level of lipid in the emulsion solution which then means that less light is scattered. The well plate assay was done to 3 different type of sample solution, one of which contained bacteria cell, one of which contained the filtered media solution and the last contained the bacteria cell free lysates. The bacterial cells were used to see if the bacterial cell produced lipases. The filtered media was used to see if the bacterial cell released lipase in to the media and if it was in fact the lipase that was decreasing the absorbance and not anything else. The bacteria content was used after the bacteria cell were sonicated for one minute, to use all the lipases that had been produced by the bacterial cell but not secreted. As not all the bacteria cells release the lipase in to the media and sometime the lipid molecule is too big to cross the cell membrane and wall of the bacteria. To see if there are any differences in the activity of the different lipases which are produced by different bacterial cells, cannot be done by adding the sample to the emulsion solution as different concentration of lipase must have been in the sample for each of the strains. In order to make the test fair, the amount of bacterial cell and the lipase concentration must be the same for each of the bacterial strain. But still it might be a fair test as some of the bacterial cells can still divide inside the emulsion solution and then increase the concentration of lipases. The lipases produced by the bacteria are produced in the log phase. The same can be said for the BALB-DNTB method. This assay is not like the other assay because the absorbance does not decrease but increase. This is due to the lipase bind to the BALB in which is cleaved to form a SH group. The SH group then binds to DNTB which is in excess in the working solution, to form a yellow substance. The complex then absorbs light hence increasing the level of absorbance. The bind of the BALB with the new SH group binds to the DNTB in a one to one reacting ratio, this means that increases is absorbance is proportional to the reacting activity of the lipase. When bacterial cells were mixed to the working solution the absorbance for most of them increase. This meant that lipases that were present in the well were cleaved BALB. The same thing also occurred when filtered media was added to the working solution but the increase were small and this must be due to the fact that not a lot of lipases were released by the bacterial cells in to the media solution. However, when the bacterial cell free lysates is added not all of the absorbance levels increase but in fact some of them decrease and then increase. It may mean that the lipases need time to start working since they had been on ice before the experiment. To see if this was true, the test needs to be done again but for a longer period of time. In the cuvette test, only one strain, it was used when the first assay was done it had the largest change in absorbance. It was used to see a general increase of the solution over 20 minutes and the absorbance was measured every minute to see the turning point when the rate of enzymatic activity change from being slow to a steady normal rate. The graph in figure 5 shows that the rate was slow during the first 10 minute this meant the bacteria cell needed to adapt to the new environment before the activity of the enzyme can to back to normal. If the test was done longer then the graph would start to level due to the substrate concentration starting to decrease. From the results, there is not enough evidence to conclude that there any differences in the activity of the different strains of lipase. To see if it is true then the both of the a

Globalization: the Making of World Society – Book Review

Running Head: GLOBALIZATION: The Making of World Society Review Essay: Globalization: The Making of World Society Part One: Summary Introduction Since the industrial revolution, the structure of world has been constantly evolving and progressing. The spread has involved the interlacing of economic and cultural activity, connectedness of the production, communication and technologies around the world, and it is now known as – globalization. The book I chose for this particular essay is Frank J.Lechner’s, Globalization: the Making of World Society first published in 2009. Author Frank J. Lechner was born in 1958 in Amsterdam, Netherlands and is the director of Graduate Studies & Professor Department of Sociology at the Emory University in Atlanta. In 1982 he earned his Master in Arts degree in Sociology at the University of Pittsburgh followed by a Ph. D. in 1985 in sociology as well. Most of his focus lies in global culture, change, religion and theory. One of his most r ecent researches involved national identity, specifically concerning the Dutch.In addition to publishing Globalization:  The Making of World Society  (Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), Lechner is the author  The Netherlands: National Identity and Globalization  (2008), and  World Culture: Origins and Consequences  (with John Boli, Wiley-Blackwell, 2005), as well as numerous papers on religion and sociological theory. Book Summary In Globalization: The Making of World Society, Lechner talks about the processes that unfold in a wide range of fields such as sports, media, food industry, global economy, environment and religion due to globalization.He describes its effects on everyday experience all around the world and demonstrates how globalization is also generating new discourses, cultures, and state policies. He explains globalization as a part of a still-greater transformation, both technical and social. Lechner wrote this book and divided it into three main parts: Global Experi ence, Global Institutions, and Global Problems. Each of these three parts is further divided into few more sub-topics such as for example, food, sports and media in Part I.In the first part of the book, the author describes the three â€Å"waves† of food globalization around the world. The first â€Å"wave†, he describes as a â€Å"wave† in which Jamaica became a â€Å"sugar island† at the centre of the global network. The wave started not with a desire for sugar but with a search for spices. Many European explorers lured into travel by the prospect of finding gold and silver and were able to not only bring precious metals home but have brought tomatoes and potatoes to the European diet.Another part of the first wave that the author talks about is when the Portuguese reached China and introduced maize, sweet potatoes and peanuts which later helped to sustain China’s population boom. With the first wave of globalization, more people became globally connected in more ways than ever before. People in different parts of the world were able to taste foods from other continents. As the new links in globalization were beginning to become established, they benefited some and harmed many others. Early globalization thus began to create a global hierarchy.The second â€Å"wave† which dissipated in the early twentieth century is described as the time in which the Dakotas became the bread basket of the world. Also, large parts of Canada, Argentina and Australia became a source of food and profit and by 1913 they produced more wheat than all of Europe. As globalization continued to spread, a global food system emerged, tying all producers into a network of interdependence. The world market created enormous wealth and leading nations, tied together through free trade, strove to safeguard their power by extending their imperial reach.The third â€Å"wave† of globalization was called â€Å"McDonald’s in East Asia. † In this section of the book Lechner talks about how with globalization nothing stays exotic as it standardizes experience through organized diffusion. Although the third wave incorporates a lot of what the first and the second waves started, it is unique in the aspect that a fast food restaurant such as McDonald’s could be everywhere, yet nowhere in particular, as it helps deterritorialize eating itself – a step beyond both first and second waves f globalization. Furthermore, in the section on sports and the direction of globalization the writer describes the way sports and in particular soccer, has grown from the homeland of England to a worldwide game with the same rules. He explains that globalization does not mean that global rules, organizations, or models just take over. The global connections of the world society do not substitute for local ties such as American football in US, rather they move in tandem.It is clear that in sports, globalization occurs in and through local and national settings as it adds another layer of connections and a new kind of shared awareness to the people in a certain society. In the last sub-category on global media, Frank Lechner talks about the role of Indian television, patterns in global television, and interpretations for global television as well as cultural imperialism. He describes the way the rights for television shows and programs such as â€Å"Who wants to be a Millionaire? † have been sold to well over 80 countries and have enjoyed great success worldwide.Many commercials and advertisements on TV carry subliminal messages that are aimed for a certain audience with a high degree of studying being put forward into the creation of the â€Å"perfect commercial†. In Part II of the novel the author begins to unravel the complicated and sometimes confusing aspects of the world economy. He begins with describing the way China, a country with extraordinary size and history, transformed and r ebuilt itself after World War II at a time when broader reforms were sweeping the world hierarchy.He goes on to explain America’s three main goals in the post-war time: to make trade flow much more freely, to stabilize the world’s financial system, and to encourage international investment. Moreover, Lechner describes the significance of Otto von Bismarck, chancellor of Germany in the late nineteenth century, and his role in introduction of accident insurance bills and health care bills in Germany which marked the beginning of rise of welfare states. He also outlines Roosevelt’s and Veldkamp’s positions and their contribution in Britain and Netherlands respectively.Frank Lechner continues with talking about the way in which globalization creates a political opportunity for the left-leaning political parties, promising to ride to the rescue in a time when some argue that globalization dampens welfare nations, to rather strengthen these states. Another aspe ct of globalization discussed in this part of the book is education. Education plays a key role in today’s society and with many people travelling with their high school kids to the United States and Canada in order to have a higher chance for a university or college admission, proves that in higher education a global market already operates.The next section of the second part of the book briefly describes global civil society and global governance. United Nations, according to the author, has taken on â€Å"a larger law-making role than its founders had envisioned†. The direction of change proposed by such an institution does not always have the full consensus of relevant states in an issue, yet that change is toward more organization of certain fields above and beyond states. Part III of Globalization: The Making of World Society strictly focuses on global concerns.The author describes key issues such as global migration, inequality, environment, and justice. First o f the four issues listed is migration. The third wave of globalization witnessed a rise in migration, mainly from south to north along the gradient formed by global inequality. In this section of the book Lechner touches on the issue of redefining the national identity of a country as it is a goal in certain countries, which also links back to his previous two books:   The Netherlands: National Identity and Globalization  (2008), and  World Culture: Origins and Consequences  (with John Boli, Wiley-Blackwell, 2005).The second issue at hand in this section of his book is global inequality. In this section of the book the writer explains that globalization is essential for countries in the â€Å"bottom billion† to catch up, yet there is no single success path for all of the poorest nations. In this chapter he clearly paints his main argument that â€Å"globalization is not bound to make the rich richer and the poor poorer,† and goes on to say, â€Å"but if it is to lead to a more tangible ‘world society’, it will have to help reduce poverty and inequality far more† (Lechner, 241).The last two section of the book primarily touch on the effects of globalization and its interconnectedness with global environment and global justice. Lechner discusses environmentalism and the way countries such as China deal with the environment and society in a balanced way. He put forward an example of Three Gorges damn built in China which displaced 2 million Chinese people, created a reservoir of nearly 400 miles and supplies 20 times more energy than America’s Hoover Dam. as an example of what a county could do in order to decrease the environmental damage, yet at the same time take a risk of displacing 2 million residents of the area. Literature Comparison Globalization: The Making of World Society by Frank Lechner is his attempt to clarify the key issues surrounding globalization in a brief, accessible and critical analysis of a complex topic. From the research conducted, I it is safe to conclude that this book is not a reply to any other book proposed by other writers; rather it is his attempt to explain his point of view on globalization and issues proposed by it.Yet the author explaining his point of view represents one side of a bigger argument about globalization’s effect on the world, but no clear intentions of proving a point to a specific person or institution has been noted. Main Argument(s) The main argument proposed by Frank Lechner is that although there are many issues around globalization as a whole, he believes that globalization is essential for the poorest nations to catch up. He is keen on his point of view, and thus goes on to explain that development is the only way to reduce economic inequality.Another part of his argument is that â€Å"globalization is not bound to make the rich richer and the poor poorer†¦but if it is to lead to a more tangible ‘world societyâ€℠¢, it will have to help reduce poverty and inequality far more† (Lechner, 241). Part Two: Critical Analysis Personal Opinion After analyzing Lechner’s work, there are too many factors that make an accurate prediction difficult. The industrial revolution and the global expansion that it created, is on a scale that has never been seen in history. As a result, new issues are created, while old issues are modified.The interdependencies between nations revolve around a free market. This encourages exploitation as a method to produce capital. The astronomical growth of supply and demand puts a heavy toll on the environment and its resources, which leads to an inevitable carrying capacity. The gap between rich and poor continues to increase around the world including capitalist drivers such as Canada and United States. Although Lechner does not see globalization as the main force in the inequality gap, I believe that this issue is of great concern.In order to have a more objec tive opinion of globalization, we need to analyze the detrimental factors and the potential they have in slowing down or even reversing the constructive effects of globalization. When taking these factors into consideration, they become latent by the profits created. There is a growing concern with enormous amount of evidence of corruption happening in most developing, third world nations. Bribery enables transnational companies to gain export contracts, particularly in the arms trade and in construction, which they would not have otherwise won.Every year, Western companies pay huge amounts of money in bribes to the officials and rulers in the developing countries in order to win over competitors. As these bribes go through, they have unfavourable results on the developing country, as they disadvantage smaller domestic firms, weaken development and deteriorate inequality and poverty, distort decision-making in favour of the project that benefits few rather than many, increase nation al debt, benefit the investor not the country, as well as damage the environment.All of the factors listed above are proof of negative effects of corruption on successful globalization, which according to Lechner, â€Å"is not bound to make the rich richer and the poor poorer† (Lechner, 241). The second issue I would like to address is the growing gap between the rich and poor in not only developing countries, but the capitalist hubs. According to the latest consensus data released on May 1, 2008 by Statistics Canada, â€Å"between 1980 and 2005, median earning among Canada’s top earners rose more than 16 percent while those in the bottom fifth saw their wages dip by 20 percent (The Canadian Press, 2008).Furthermore, the  gap between rich and poor  is widening, both within and among countries. In 1960, the richest 20 percent of the world’s population controlled 70 percent of global income, yet by 1993, the â€Å"richest 20† controlled 85 percent. In the same time period, the share of the poorest 20 percent had decreased from 2. 3 to 1. 4 percent. These disparities are likely to increase for the next half century as above stated issues such as corruption continue to affect the developing world (Human Development Report, 1996).The third big issue at hand, which I believe causes globalization to have a negative outlook in the eyes of the proletarian individuals including me, is the environmental damages that are caused. Economic theory argues that the free market can be expected to produce an efficient and improved level of resource use, production, consumption, and environment protection, yet when private costs, which are the foundation for market decision, diverge from social costs, a market failure occurs resulting in pollution levels. Intensified trade and competitiveness pressures between companies generate harmful impacts on environmental quality (Esty, D. nd Ivanova, M. ). As the big name companies move into an immature eco nomy of a developing country, they have the power to make the government change the laws and reduce their previous environmental requirements. Thus, the company that cannot function in Canada or Germany with those amounts of emission without paying fines will use the developing country’s position to produce high level of emissions with no restrictions. This point links back to the issue of corruption in the developing countries described earlier.In addition, local government must protect the environment by not letting giant companies take over and control the government in order to make huge profits. Likewise, economic agreements that do not promote the common good and that are designed to increase the profits of few people in the world should be rejected by the authorities, if not local, then global. In conclusion, Globalization: The Making of World Society by Frank Lechner describes how the processes of globalization unfold in a wide range of fields including sports, religi on, media, and the environment.The author tries to explain and analyze the complex subject of globalization in a concise and easy-to-understand manner. His main argument in the book surrounds the explanation of how he believes that globalization is essential for the poorest nations to catch up and that globalization is not bound to make the rich richer and the poor poorer. References Dauvergn, P. (n. d. ). Globalization and the environment. Esty, D. C. C. , & Ivanova, M. H. (2003). Globalization effects on the environment. Globalization nd Environmental Protection: a Global Governance Perspective. Retrieved November 20, 2011 from http://www. yale. edu/gegdialogue/docs/dialogue/oct03/papers/Esty-Ivanova. pdf Lechner, F. J. (2009). Globalization: The Making of the World Society. Hong Kong: Wiley- Blackwell Publication. Research and markets; globalization: The making of world society. (2009). Investment Weekly News,  (19458177), 423. Retrieved from http://ezproxy. qa. proquest. com/d ocview/ 200892079? accountid=14771 Shah, A. (2011). Corruption.Global Issues. Retrieved November 21, 2011, from http://www. globalissues. org/article/590/corruption#GlobalizationMultinational CorporationsandCorruption The Canadian Press. (2008, May 1). Rich get richer, poor get poorer, census results show. Retrieved November 21, 2011, from http://www. ctv. ca/CTVNews/Canada/ 20080501/rich_poor_080501/ The gap between rich and poor is widening. (2004). World Resource Institute. Retrieved November 19,2011 from http://www. wri. org/publication/content/8659