Prayer in Public Schools - 656 Words

The United States was built on prayer. Prayer or religion is on our currency in the many halls of our justice and federal buildings so no matter where we go, we cannot escape prayer. Our founding fathers did not exclude the bible in building our nation and educating our future and there will be no expectation. No matter what there will be prayer no matter where you are. Some people just don’t believe in God that’s why some don’t want prayer in public school. Though each of the clauses are originally applied to the central US government, and the Fourteenth Amendment was extended to scope out the whole entire First Amendment to all levels of government, including state level. Though urging with force the states and the subject schools adopted an equally separate approach to religion in schools. This issue of the school prayer was seriously decision in the U.S. since the 1900’s. In the 18th, 19th, and the early 20th centuries, schools locates country usage o pened with an oral prayer or Bible reading. Religious people would sometimes object to the distinct of noting of events were performed in schools. For example the Edgerton Bible Case. The Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled in favor of Catholics who was objected to use the Original King James Bible in Wisconsin schools. The ruling is based on the state constitution to seek or ask in Wisconsin. Like the other challenges anywhere else in the country, provided preceding in time or rank for federal rulings to come later. LegalShow MoreRelatedThe Prayer On Public Schools1240 Words   |  5 PagesFor much of the 20th Century and into the 21st, school prayer has been the focal point of an ongoing debate about the position of religion in American civilization. The question of the legality of prayer in public schools brings together a number of important notions in American government and legal philosophy. Opponents and proponents of school prayer set forth their arguments in such major constitu tional issues as the separation of church and state, the right to free exercise of religion, and theRead MorePrayer in the Public Schools1111 Words   |  5 PagesPrayer in the Public Schools Diana Brown Everest Online Composition 1-226 ABSTRACT This essay is composed of facts supporting that prayer in Public Schools would be beneficial for the children and the United States of America. Prayer is an address to God or a god in word or thoughts. The Anti- Defamation League states that, â€Å"A moment of silence will inevitably be unconstitutional or the purpose and effect of such moments of silence are invariably to advance religion. The U.S. Supreme CourtRead MorePrayer in Public Schools894 Words   |  4 Pages Should prayer be allowed in public schools? This is a question with a highly controversial answer. There are many different angles to this question with varying ideas and opinions that never seem to agree with one another. The issue of prayer in public schools has, and will continue to be, at the center of many controversial debates. Just consider the fact that public educational system in United States is a secular or non-religious one that is quick to shut down any religious actions. This isRead MorePrayer On Public Schools : The Public School System1032 Words   |  5 PagesAllow Prayer in Public Schools The public school system should allow students, all across the United States of America, to express themselves freely whenever they would like. Most Americans support the idea of allowing students to pray during school. In the year 2001, 66% of Americans voted that they favor the idea of prayer during school; however, 34% opposed the idea of praying during school. In the year 2014, 61% of Americans voted that they support the idea of praying during school; howeverRead MoreThe Prayer Of A Public School768 Words   |  4 PagesMany people in Southern Missouri believe that we need to have more religion in schools. â€Å"Keep Christ in Christmas,† â€Å"One nation under God,† and post the Ten Commandments on every wall in public buildings. This is an easy rallying cry because most people in rural Southwest Missouri share the same Christian beliefs. There is a place for these types of soapboxes. That place is called church. Schools are designed to prepare students for the college and career. Churches are designed to prepare congregationsRead MoreEssay on Prayer in Public Schools1051 Words   |  5 PagesPrayer in Public Schools An issue that has been constantly debated for years is whether voluntary prayer in public schools should be permitted. A student should be allowed to pray voluntarily at the beginning of each school day based on many reasons. Prayer based on moral beliefs reinforce good citizenship as defined by our forefathers. A daily reminder of a need for the belief of good over evil is a necessary part of this society. Daily voluntary school prayer should be re-instated in publicRead More No Prayer in Public Schools Essay746 Words   |  3 PagesNo Prayer in Public Schools Chapter three of Civil Liberties: Opposing Viewpoints inspired me to research today’s issues of school prayer. To understand how we got to where we are today, I first delved into our countries history of court cases pertaining to rulings on prayer in schools. Lastly, to update my audience on how our lives are being affected today, I directed my efforts toward finding current situations. By analyzing these situations, I gained knowledge for a better understanding ofRead MorePrayer in Public Schools Essay1440 Words   |  6 Pagestype of school students attend, organized prayer is mandatory, allowed, or banned. In the United States, organized prayer in public schools is prohibited because it goes against the Constitution’s separation of church and state (Jinkins 123). The United States promises religious freedom, but is yet to define the degree and limitation of that liberty. However, American citizens have been debating for many years, whether organized prayer should be an option or obligation in public schools. Some peopleRead More Prayer in Public School Essay3032 Words   |  13 Pagesthere is a way to express ones deepest thoughts and feelings--prayer. Prayer is something that most people due naturally. Whether it is in the morning before you start your day, before a meal, before you go to sleep, or when you just feel the need to express your feelings, prayer is always there. Religious faiths believe that this is central to human life. Even those who are not religious pray. Prayer affects the material universe. Prayer can be defined as an earnest request; a humble entreaty addressedRead More No Prayer in the Public Schools Essay3232 Words   |  13 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚   Over the past three decades, the issue of the role of prayer in the public school system has become increasingly controversial. The current debate juggles the opposing interpretations of the exact intentions of Americas Founders, who came from an other country, England, in pursuite of expanded freedoms. The first colonists in the 17th century especially desired religious freedom, because their former British government forced them all to learn and practice a centralized religion. Consequently

Dead Poet’s Society Free Essays

English 101 10/6/11 Dead Poet’s Society What happens at an all-boy, rich, private academy? I don’t know, but the Dead Poet’s Society gives us a good inside look at what goes on in this particular one: Welton Academy. This clip shows a very innovative teacher on the first day of school, trying to reach out to his students with an unorthodox way of teaching, especially for Welton. Through stereotypes, camera angles and shots, the tone and lack of music, the director creates an ambiance that directs the viewer to see the implicit and explicit messages towards education. We will write a custom essay sample on Dead Poet’s Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now Based in the 1950’s, this movie is about a new English and poetry teacher who is determined to teach his boys to live life with ultimate passion and love it. A group of his students take such teachings to heart and decide to recreate the Dead Poet’s Society, a secret club that meets in a cave and discusses poetry and philosophy, which is forbidden at Welton Academy because they discourage students from thinking for themselves. In this, the students begin to embark on their own adventures to follow their heart’s desires, which can lead down a difficult path for some of them. This particular scene is the first day of school with the new teacher, Mr. Keating. He walks past his students and out the door expecting them to follow. He takes them to the foyay, which houses all of the old pictures of Welton students. All of the pictures are black and white. Mr. Keating asks one of the students to read the beginning of a poem â€Å"To The Virgin’s To Make Much of Time†. â€Å"Gather ye rosebuds while ye may, old times are still a flying. And this same flower that smiles today, tomorrow will be dying. The significance of this poem is the motto that he hopes to instill in his students: Carpe Diem. He has the boys lean in, in silence, and look at the pictures. While studying the past, Mr. Keating slowly, eerily, whispers â€Å"Carpe†¦carpe†¦ carpe diem. Seize the day, boys. Make your lives extraordinary. â€Å" The clip ends with the boys walking out of his class and discussing the fact that he’s â€Å"weird† or â€Å"differ ent†, even â€Å"spooky†. The director uses stereotypes a lot in this clip. He has the do-gooder teacher, who just wants to instill some kind of life value in his students. He doesn’t want them going out into the world with no passion for life. We see a typical sick â€Å"nerd†, who is constantly blowing or wiping his nose, and is weary of the new teacher’s methods. He gets picked on all the time. For instance in the very beginning of the clip, other students are throwing paper balls at him before the teacher walks out. The â€Å"cool guy† is used to demonstrate that there’s always the kid who sits in the back, too cool to participate, but when he does all he wants to do is make a joke, even if he is wrong. He is mostly used for humorous purposes, but can also be there for sentimental purposes when needed. The director does a lot of camera shots back and forth from the teacher to the students. He tends to focus on each of the main characters rather than on the more insignificant characters. He shows the â€Å"house of Welton† which is just the shape of a house around an old picture of Welton students. When the director is focusing on the pictures, many times he seems to focus on a single boy. Which is a way of showing that all the boys but fend for themselves because there aren’t many allies in this world. He also focuses on the trophy in the picture bow. This can represent that Welton Academy prides itself on triumph and excellence, not on mediocrity. At one point the camera scans over each boy in the class, showing that they are all one, which a private school likes to pride itself on, but also on the conformity of a private school with all the boys looking very similar. The lack of music presents an eerie tone to the movies during this clip. Mr. Keating exits his office while whistling, not a word spoken until he tells the boys to follow. While they are all gathered around the table there is no talking until Mr. Keating does. And usually in parts you’d think that music would be, when he is talking about the significance of Carpe Diem, there is just silence. This presents a thought provoking moment. When all the boys are looking at the pictures in silence, it is a very emotional part, even though there is no sound. Mr. Keating is so incredibly passionate when he talks about Crape Diem, and seizing the day. He is so motivating I how he presents his views on life. He uses humor to connect with his students, even when they don’t really know how to react to it all. Some of his speech is even a bit morbid, but that kind of talking is the way that he wants to reach his students. He wants them to yearn for their life, not just live it but also crave it. He is a man who takes his love for life seriously and believes that every boy must be able to love his life just eh same. And if that means that they must bend a few rules and go beyond what they thought they could then so be it. It is such a philosophy that many private schools end to deture their students from having. This clip shows just small part but also a big idea that the director wanted to introduce to the audience. We are meant to love life, not stifle our passions into what other believes we should be passionate about. The director does a lot with this short clip in being able to show that Mr. Keating has a very different outlook on life and wants to motivate his students to have the same. Through his different camera shots, which focus on each boy individually and then also a great deal on Mr. Keating, the silent tone and the many different stereotypes, the director makes his point perfectly clear. The private institutions are meant for conformity and Mr. Keating is definitely one to go against the conforming nature of the Academy system. There is hope for the students, they just need to believe and learn to have the same lust for life that Mr. Keating so eagerly wants to instill in them. But the education system is not easily trumped it takes a lot of passion and desire to be able to become an individual in a world of conformists. How to cite Dead Poet’s Society, Essay examples

Doublemeaning in Shak Romeo and Juliet Essay Example For Students

Doublemeaning in Shak Romeo and Juliet Essay Two hints Shakespeare plants in Act II at what lies ahead for Romeo and Juliet are in scene two and three. In scene two, Romeo says, I have nights cloak to hide me from their sight; and, but thou love me, let them find me here. My life were better ended by their hate than death prorogued, wanting of thy love. In scene three, Friar Lawrence is speaking and says, The grey-eyd morn smiles on the frowning nightwithin the infant rind of this small flower poison hath residence, and medicine power for this, being smelt, with that part cheers each part; being tasted, slays all senses with the heart When Romeo says, I have nights cloak to hide me from their sight; and, but thou love me, let them find me here. My life were better ended by their hate than death prorogued, wanting of thy love. He is telling Juliet that it is far more important to him, to be with her tonight and die, then to live yearning for her. This is an example of foreshadowing because he is saying that it is worth dying than not having Juliet by his side. Another example of foreshadowing is in the beginning of scene three when Friar Lawrence says, The grey-eyd morn smiles on the frowning nightwithin the infant rind of this small flower poison hath residence, and medicine power for this, being smelt, with that part cheers each part; being tasted, slays all senses with the heart This is foreshadowing because he is speaking about poison, which plays a key role at the end of Romeo and Juliet. The two examples of foreshadowing that Shakespeare plants in Act II, give the audience a little insight into whats going to happen in the future of the story. Foreshadowing also creates suspense in the story causing viewers to be more attentive. Bibliography:

The Patriot Act free essay sample

At midnight on October 26, 2001, George W. Bush signed the new law, the Patriot Act. This Act allowed the government to know what you are doing on online. The government also has the right to search your computer or send the FBI to search your house unannounced. The Patriot Act has increased security but lowered privacy. There is a question that the government is abusing the Act. Is the Patriot Act more helpful than hurtful or more harmful than handy? The â€Å"Patriot† in Patriot Act is an acronym for Provide Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism. It is unknown who wrote the Act. It was drafted, debated, and passed in only 45 days. People on both sides have strong feelings on the issue. Rumors say that the president was forced into signing it. In 2000, Authorities nabbed the â€Å"Wig Bandit† bank robber when surveillance tapes were shown on TV and a viewer recognized him. We will write a custom essay sample on The Patriot Act or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is an example of using spy technology to catch criminals. The Patriot Act, signed and passed in 2001, makes it legal for the government to spy. The Patriot Act allows someone to spy on you from so far away that you look like a period. In 2003, TIA is created and named Terrorist Information Awareness. New privacy rules go into effect as a result of TIA. People are free to gather personal information about you in order to sell your things. That is perfectly legal. However, they may not gather information in order to steal your things. The Patriot Act secretly arrested and jailed more than 1,200 people after the signing. All of their information was sent into a classified database. The Patriot Act lets the FBI to look at library records. The FBI knows your IP address. â€Å"I have brought peace and prosperity to my new Empire†, stated Anakin Skywalker. On May 19, 2005, Star Wars III was released in theatres. In the movie, the evil emperor justifies his dictatorship by ens uring that everyone will be safe and secure in his new Empire. Some people thought that the creator, George Lucas, was making a political statement against the Patriot Act lost liberty in order to be safe equals lost democracy. The Act allows law enforcement to use surveillance against more crimes of terror. It created higher maximum penalties for different crimes and it prohibited the harboring of terrorists. Victims of third parties can request a search to be done. It reflects new technology and new threats. Law enforcement can conduct searches without the terrorists knowing they are being searched. Terrorists’ plots have been thwarted out because the government knew what they are doing on the internet. No more terrorist attacks have occurred in America since the Patriot Act was signed and passed. The Patriot Act facilitates info sharing and cooperation among government agencies so that they could solve cases easier. Law enforcement officials may obtain a search warrant a nywhere a terrorist activity occurs. Nothing in the Patriot Act changed search and seizure. The Act expands the power of FISA courts. The Patriot Act ensures security, which protects Americans’ Liberty. The Law enhances freedom. The Act is vital to protect America’s safety. Society needs to be safe and secure to flourish. It’s the government’s chief responsibility to protect its people. How do we preserve our rights to pursue life, freedom and the pursuit of happiness from terrorists trying to destroy us? We need to put up with some inconveniences and loose some liberty to protect ourselves and our democracy. We have to pay higher prices for imported goods so that they can be search and deemed safe. We have to have our bags and bodies checked at airports. We have to understand that to protect ourselves we may be subjected to FBI searches. To be safe, we have to be willing to make some personal sacrifices. Democracy is based on checks and balances. Our ch ecks and balances system is strong enough to ensure that the Patriot Act is not abused. It is a universal truth that the loss of liberty at home is to be charged to the provisions against danger†¦Ã¢â‚¬  -James Madison. Our forefathers stated that everyone is entitled to life, freedom and the pursuit of happiness. When liberties are constrained, we do not live in a democracy. Freedom is what our country is based on. It is a model for other countries, such as China, who do not allow liberties, such as free speech. Anyone who refuses to offer their allegiance to the country or the leader can be considered a terrorist under the Act. The Patriot Act could be abused to crush any supposed opposition to the government. Many of the things within the Act are not really accomplished. The Patriot Act cannot stop terrorism. There is a way to get past all technology blocks and firewalls. Firewalls cannot block everything. The company that put up the firewall can illegally sell the codes t hat can get your computer virus infected. When you make a purchase with a credit card you trust the store that it will not use your credit card to steal from you. Bill of Rights? Yeah, Right! Where is our freedom and free speech? Gone down the toilet since the Patriot Act 2001! Great Loss of Privacy on Oct. 26, 2001. Stronger internet privacy laws are needed, now! Every little click of a button is recorded, looked at, and stored in a memory base. Where is the privacy there? All to stop terrorism. Even though, 0 out of 5000 suspects have been convicted for terrorism. Children have the right to have online privacy. We have given up too many personal freedoms. The government now gets to search your home and never tell you. Your private property is now yours and the FBIs. They monitor your e-mails and your internet surfing. Government can arrest people on the internet. Violates the 1st (Freedom of Religion) and 4th (Search and Seizure) Amendments to the Constitution. Therefore there is no tangible evidence that the Act is working. A federal judge lifted a gag order that shielded the identity of the librarians. Free speech is important and the government is not showing it. The Patriot Act has backfired from a good thing to a bad thing. In total Roll Call number 414 there were 257 Yeas votes and 170 Nays. Court orders FBI to Release Patriot Act information. Some documents were opened to show the dumbness of the Patriot Act. It just makes America less safe and less free. Court declares parts of Patriot Act unconstitutional because it violates 1st and 4th Amendment. A federal district court judge struck down two key supports of Patriot Act, ruling that using a secret spying court to wiretap and search homes for criminal prosecutions. Censorship and secrecy may be turned on us as a weapon of SELF-DESTRUCTION, Court says. Two FBI agents searched a man’s house and the man was jailed. The Patriot Act has many pros and cons. Many people are very passionate about bo th sides of the issue. We are lucky to have a strong democracy. In this democracy, we have effective checks and balances to ensure the Act is upheld, deemed unconstitutional or not abused.

Famous Pirates in Books and Movies

Famous Pirates in Books and Movies The fictional pirates of todays books and movies dont have much to do with the real-life buccaneers who sailed the seas centuries ago! Here are some of the most famous pirates of fiction, with their historical accuracy thrown in for good measure. Long John Silver Where he appears: Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson, and subsequently countless books, movies, TV shows, video games, etc. Robert Newton played him several times in the 1950s: his language and dialect are responsible for the pirate speak so popular today (Arrrr, matey!). He is an important character in the TV show Black Sails as well.Description: Long John Silver was a charming rogue. Young Jim Hawkins and his friends set out to find a great treasure: they hire a ship and crew, including the one-legged Silver. Silver is at first a loyal ally, but soon his treachery is discovered as he attempts to steal the ship and the treasure. Silver is one of the great all-time literary characters and arguably the best-known fictional pirate ever. In Black Sails, Silver is clever and opportunistic.Accuracy: Long John Silver is surprisingly accurate. Like many pirates, he had lost a limb in battle somewhere: this would have entitled him to extra loot under most pirate articles. Also like ma ny crippled pirates, he became a ships cook. His treachery and ability to switch sides back and forth mark him as a true pirate. He was quartermaster under the notorious Captain Flint: it was said that Silver was the only man Flint feared. This is accurate as well, as the quartermaster was the second-most important post on a pirate ship and an important check on the captains power. Captain Jack Sparrow Where he appears: The Pirates of the Caribbean movies and all sorts of other Disney commercial tie-ins: video games, toys, books, etc.Description: Captain Jack Sparrow, as played by actor Johnny Depp, is a lovable rogue who can switch sides in a heartbeat but always seems to wind up on the side of the good guys. Sparrow is charming and slick and can talk himself into and out of trouble quite easily. He has a deep attachment to piracy and to being captain of a pirate ship.Accuracy: Captain Jack Sparrow is not very historically accurate. He is said to be a leading member of the Brethren Court, a confederation of pirates. While there was a loose organization in the late seventeenth century called the Brethren of the Coast, its members were buccaneers and privateers, not pirates. Pirates rarely worked together and even robbed one another at times. Captain Jacks preference for weapons such as pistols and sabers is accurate. His ability to use his wits instead of brute force was a hallmark of some, but not many pirates: Howell Davis and Bartholomew Roberts are two examples. Other aspects of his character, such as turning undead as part of an Aztec curse, are of course nonsense. Captain Hook Where he appears: Captain Hook is the main antagonist of Peter Pan. He made his first appearance in J.M. Barries 1904 play Peter Pan, or, the boy who wouldnt grow up. He has appeared in just about everything related to Peter Pan since including movies, books, cartoons, video games, etc.Description: Hook is a handsome pirate who dresses in fancy clothes. He has a hook in place of one hand since losing the hand to Peter in a sword fight. Peter fed the hand to a hungry crocodile, which now follows Hook around hoping to eat the rest of him. Lord of the pirate village in Neverland, Hook is clever, wicked and cruel.Accuracy: Hook is not terribly accurate, and in fact has spread certain myths about pirates. He is constantly looking to make Peter, the lost boys or any other enemy walk the plank. This myth is now commonly associated with pirates largely because of Hooks popularity, although very few pirate crews ever forced someone to walk the plank. Hooks for hands are also now a popular par t of pirate Halloween costumes, although there are no famous historical pirates who ever wore one. Dread Pirate Roberts Where he appears: Dread Pirate Roberts is a character in the 1973 novel The Princess Bride and the 1987 movie of the same name.Description: Roberts is a very fearsome pirate who terrorizes the seas. It is revealed, however, that Roberts (who wears a mask) is not one but several men who have handed the name down to a series of successors. Each Dread Pirate Roberts retires when wealthy after training his replacement. Westley, the hero of the book and movie, was Dread Pirate Roberts for a while before leaving to seek Princess Buttercup, his true love.Accuracy: Very little. There is no record of pirates franchising their name or doing anything for true love, unless their true love of gold and plunder counts. Just about the only thing historically accurate is the name, a nod to Bartholomew Roberts, the greatest pirate of the Golden Age of Piracy. Still, the book and movie are a lot of fun!

Adverbs and Hyphens

Adverbs and Hyphens Adverbs and Hyphens Adverbs and Hyphens By Maeve Maddox A reader pleads, Please, please, please discuss the use of hyphenation (and lack thereof) of adverbs with adjectives. I keep seeing the likes of â€Å"newly-minted doctor† or â€Å"visually-impaired cat† regularly these days and it makes me crazy! Is it something thats becoming more acceptable? Or is it the general lack of editors and grammatical knowledge? Punctuation rules are hard to grasp. However, the rule about hyphens and -ly adverbs is easy enough to master: When a compound modifier–two or more words that express a single concept–precedes a noun, use hyphens to link all the words in the compound except the adverb very and all adverbs that end in -ly. AP Stylebook, 2013 edition. Boldface added. And, Compounds formed by an adverb ending in ly plus an adjective or participle (such as largely irrelevant or smartly dressed) are not hyphenated either before or after a noun, since ambiguity is virtually impossible. (The ly ending with adverbs signals to the reader that the next word will be another modifier, not a noun.) Chicago Manual of Style, 7.82. Not all adverbs end in -ly. The adverb very has already received special mention in the rule from the AP Stylebook: Very is never followed by a hyphen. But what about the adverb well? According to AP, we must hyphenate well when it is part of a compound modifier: well-dressed, well-informed, well-known. AP also advises that a compound that’s hyphenated before a noun is also hyphenated following a form of the verb to be: The man is well-known. The woman is quick-witted. The children are soft-spoken. The play is second-rate. The University of Iowa writing site concurs: Compound adjectives beginning with â€Å"well† are hyphenated no matter where they are in the sentence. When a modifier that would be hyphenated before a noun comes after a form of the verb to be, you usually keep the hyphen to avoid confusion. The editors of the Chicago Manual of Style seem to disagree: When such compounds follow the noun they modify, hyphenation is usually unnecessary, even for adjectival compounds that are hyphenated in Webster’s (such as well-read or ill-humored). For good measure, I looked in at the American section of OxfordDictionaries.com where I found this directive: With compound adjectives formed from the adverb well and a participle (e.g., well-known), or from a phrase (e.g., up-to-date), you should use a hyphen (or hyphens) when the compound comes before the noun: well-known brands of coffee; an up-to-date account, but not when the compound comes after the noun:    His music was also well known in England. Their figures are up to date. Straightforward instructions, these, but when I looked up â€Å"well known† in the U.S. part of OxfordDictionaries, I found this among the examples of usage: The result is well-known, and we need only linger to consider the crucial lesson from this. When the experts contradict themselves and each other, what’s an ordinary mortal to do? Hyphenation is not an exact science. The one rule you can memorize with confidence is that a hyphen is not needed when an -ly adverb begins a phrasal modifier*. For everything else, choose a style guide or dictionary to follow. *Warning: Not every word that ends in -ly is an adverb. Watch out for nouns like family and supply, and adjectives like only. For example, â€Å"family-oriented websites†; supply-side economics†; â€Å"only-begotten son.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Signs and Symbols You Should KnowSelect vs. Selected45 Idioms About the Number One

In what ways is a non state actor different from a nation state Essay

In what ways is a non state actor different from a nation state - Essay Example A nation state is a legal entity that has come into existence through the approval and recognition of the global entities. It enjoys the privileges and other accreditations of the global community. A nation state comes into existence through the fulfillment of number of factors. These factors are essential in terms of becoming an independent state. The first and foremost factor that is essential towards the nation state’s existence is its occupation over a defined territory. This territory must not be in conflict with other nations. The other factor that makes up for a nation state includes a nation’s ability of a state to engage itself in the international intercourse and international relationship building with the other states. The third factor is that of recognition by the global community. Without the recognition, the nation state cannot come into force. Politically, economically, socially complete and self reliant entities can make up for a nation state. This has been formally defined for the first time after the First World War when League of Nations gave shape to the concept of nations, legal entities and illegal entities. A nation that has no major conflict over the land or resources can earn nationhood through the consent and approval of the United Nations.Java earned its independence from Indonesia through the approval of United Nations. The Nongovernmental organizations and entities are also termed as the non state actors, however their domain of work, their existential concept and working nature is different.

National Drug Control Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

National Drug Control Strategy - Essay Example Asides from the issue of drug abuse in its entirety and the prevention strategies, the     President's National Drug Control Strategy has the treatment and recovery vision for the recuperating drug addicts (Whitehouse.gov, 2014). International partnerships, law enforcement, grants and the role of the media are also part of the President’s National Drug Control Strategy.Asides from the issue of drug abuse in its entirety and the prevention strategies, the     President's National Drug Control Strategy has the treatment and recovery vision for the recuperating drug addicts (Whitehouse.gov, 2014). International partnerships, law enforcement, grants and the role of the media are also part of the President’s National Drug Control Strategy. The National Drug Control Policy wrote the foreword to the office of the president of the Obama Administration. The National Drug Control Policy was trying to put the detrimental effects of drug abuse in the American Society (White house.gov, 2014). Moreover, the forward also intends to put it into clarity that the office of the president is trying all it can do to tackle the issue if drug abuse. The goal, which I think deserves the most attention in the fight against drugs in the American society, is a community participation in the fight. Community involvement is essential because it is in the numerous communities that the drugs circulate. Should the community work hand in hand with the law enforcement agencies, then society would eventually be a drug-free society (Whitehouse.gov, 2014). Resultantly, the people would help in developing their respective societies because drugs tend to derail the society’s workforce.

The Muslim World Essay Example for Free

The Muslim World Essay World is divided into different divisions depending upon the economic conditions, race, culture and most importantly religion. The division of world is more evident after the September 11 attacks into Muslim world and anti-Muslim world. The political ideology and attitudes were now deeply rooted among the individuals also. â€Å"The anti-Muslim attitudes of West united the Muslim world â€Å"is a blanket statement and have strong relevance to the present day. Western attitude: The conflict between in not a new one, it is continuing from 14 centuries some of the conflicts of the history are Ottoman Turkish empire expansion, quasi-colonial regimes by Britain and France, Britain occupation of Iran etc. The first and most important issue is the stand of United States in the ‘Israeli-Palestinian’ Conflict. The need to explain the policies of it on the issue were undermined and unheard. The role of the Western media which is publishing derogatory statements is also a cause of concern. US media used the terms such as Muslim fundamentalist, Shia extremist, Wahhabi zealots, Islamic Jihad, Islamic suicide bomber, Arab killer etc (Ali Khalid, 2008). The Muslim world is victimized more than the situation. Many allegations made by the West on different Muslim countries without any proofs. West failed in providing the evidence of the allegations after the war against the Iraq and its shift in the reasons for war, Muslim prisoners were tortured even after the wars, prolonged occupation etc are also serving as anti-American resentment (Duiker Spielvogel, 2009). Strong factors that united Muslim World: The anti-Muslim attitude united the Muslim world and started to have a common perception as a whole on West. The main reasons for this is unfavorable images where the Muslims are unfairly portrayed in media, Western Military presence in middle east making them U. S long term military base brining insecurity in the region, The containment policy toward Iraq with economic and military sanctions on it, the strong U. S policy towards the Arab-Israeli conflict, Support of the West to unpopular regimes etc. All these factors are allowing the Muslim world to rethink on their status ( Prados, 2001). From the Western perspective the main reasons for the anti-American resentment in the Muslim world is due to education, media and Anti-Americanism (Gentzkow, Shapiro, 2004). West counters: Even West is taking some of the measures to overcome this anti-American negative approach such as implementing the trade and aid programs to decrease economic inequalities, to change the unfavorable image, seeking support on U. S policy on Iraq, planning to developing new strategy on Arab-Israeli peace negotiations, influence positive open political systems etc. Conclusion: U. S is successful in brining gap between the Muslim world to an extent where it divided it into US allies, US enemies and Neutral countries basing on its relations. As a whole West is using all its strategies to change its image and forcing the Muslim world to react to against terrorism, the Muslim world persecution is different. But carefully watching Muslim world is aware of the West motives and started to have a common agenda and this will be fruitful in coming days. The statement â€Å"The anti-Muslim attitudes of West united the Muslim world† is justified by looking at the anti-Muslim factors causing the unification of Muslim world. Even though the West and U. S in particular are taking the measure to have a better image in the Muslim World, the Muslim community is expecting more and concrete steps at ground level rather than confining to the media statements. Annotated Bibliography: Ali, S Khalid (2008). Mass Media and Muslim World: Portrayal of Muslim by â€Å"News Week† and â€Å"Time† (1991-2001). European Journal of Scientific Research, 21, 554-580. This is a research article which examines the representation and coverage of 12 Muslim countries. This investigation was done by the Time Magazine and the New Week during 1991-2001. This article has presented content analysis of 218 articles which belongs to 12 Muslim countries. Duiker, W. J Spielvogel, J. J. (2009). World History, Volume 2. 6th ed. MA: Cengage Learning. This book provides an overview of world history which discovers experiences and challenges to recognize global patterns. This book covers each and every aspect like political, economical, religious, social, cultural, intellectual and military history. It takes a global approach by comparing cultures throughout world history. This book helped to know the Muslim World perception on the U. S and also how U. S intervened in the internal aspects of Middle East. Prados, A. B. (2001). Middle East: Attitudes toward the United States. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved from: http://fpc. state. gov/documents/organization/7858. pdf This report discusses the attitude of Muslims and Arabs of Middle East against United Nations. It explained the factors which have created hatred towards the United States and the methods to deal with this position. Gentzkow, M. A. Shapiro, J. M. (2004). Media, Education and Anti-Americanism In the Muslim World. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18, 117–133. This paper is based on the media, education and anti-Americanism in the Muslim world by taking a survey of 10,000 people from nine Muslim countries. It examines how media use and education relate to the positivity towards United States and their belief.

SWOT Analysis Starbucks :: business marketing

SWOT Analysis Starbucks Strengths †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Starbucks Corporation is a very profitable organisation, earning in excess of $600 million in 2004.The company generated revenue of more than $5000 million in the same year. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is a global coffee brand built upon a reputation for fine products and services. It has almost 9000 cafes in almost 40 countries. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Starbucks was one of the Fortune Top 100 Companies to Work For in 2005. The company is a respected employer that values its workforce. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The organisation has strong ethical values and an ethical mission statement as follows, 'Starbucks is committed to a role of environmental leadership in all facets of our business.' Weaknesses †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Starbucks has a reputation for new product development and creativity. However, they remain vulnerable to the possibility that their innovation may falter over time. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The organisation has a strong presence in the United States of America with more than three quarters of their cafes located in the home market. It is often argued that they need to look for a portfolio of countries, in order to spread business risk. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The organisation is dependant on a main competitive advantage, the retail of coffee. This could make them slow to diversify into other sectors should the need arise. Opportunities †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Starbucks are very good at taking advantage of opportunties. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 2004 the company created a CD-burning service in their Santa Monica (California USA) cafe with Hewlett Packard, where customers create their own music CD. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New products and services that can be retailed in their cafes, such as Fair Trade products. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The company has the opportunity to expand its global operations. New markets for coffee such as India and the Pacific Rim nations are beginning to emerge. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Co-branding with other manufacturers of food and drink, and brand franchising to manufacturers of other goods and services both have potential.

Heat of Solidification Lab-Writeup

Introduction In chemistry, substances require a certain amount of energy in the form of average kinetic energy (temperature) to freeze. To reach the temperature a substance requires to freeze, it must lose a certain amount of heat energy (a form of energy transferred from one object to another, because of a temperature difference). When a substance reaches its freezing point and begins to freeze, its temperature remains constant until it is completely frozen.However, in order to melt a substance must go through a energy change, creating the problem, â€Å"What energy changes occur when a liquid solidifies? †. To solve the problem, a hypothesis was proposed, stating â€Å"When a substance begins to solidify, it releases heat energy, because a substance must reach its heat of solidification (heat required to freeze) by losing a certain amount of heat, in order to solidify†. In order to test this hypothesis, a experiment was performed. Materials and MethodsIn the experimen t, the materials required were 1 wax sample in a test tube with the weight of the test tube labeled, a 250 mL beaker, a ringstand, a wire gauze, a graduated cylinder, a Bunsen Burner, a styrofoam calorimeter, and a thermometer. To perform the experiment, first the calorimeter was filled with 100 mL of water using a graduated cylinder, and the temperature of the water was found and recorded. Next, the beaker was filled 3/4 full with water and placed on the stand of the ringstand above a gently burning flame from the Bunsen Burner.Then, the mass of the test tube and wax was found and recorded, and the tube was placed in the beaker. After the wax in the tube melted, the tube was placed in the calorimeter, using a wire gauze. Lastly, once the wax in the tube solidified, the temperature of the water in the calorimeter was measured and recorded. Results Data Recorded During Experiment Mass wax and test tube41. 2 gramsTemperature water after heating26 ? C Mass empty test tube21. 0 gramsTem perature water before heating16 ? C Mass wax20. 2 gramsTemperature change10 ? CVolume water used100 mLMass of water used100 grams In the data table above, the mass of the wax was found by subtracting the mass of the empty test tube from the mass of the wax and test tube, giving an answer of 20. 2 g. To find the volume of water used, the mass of the water was multiplied by the density of the water, giving an answer of 100 g. To find the temperature change of the water, the temperature of the water after heating was subtracted by the temperature of the water before heating, giving an answer of 10 ? C. CalculationsAfter the experiment, the heat gained by the water from the wax in the calorimeter was calculated using the formula q = mC? T, where C equaled 4. 18 J/g * ? C. After the corresponding values were plugged in, the equation: 100g(4. 18 J/g * ? C. )(26? C-16? C) was created and solved for an answer of 4180 J of heat gained. After the amount of heat gained was found, the heat rele ased per gram of wax (heat of solidification) was calculated using the equation: 4180 J/20. 2g, giving an answer of 206. 93 J released per gram of wax.Although the heat released per gram of wax, found through the calculations, was 206. 93 J, the accepted value was 150. 0 J/g, because of this, the percent error was calculated using the formula:(measured – actualactual)100. After the values were plugged in, giving the equation:(206. 93 J/g – 150. 0 J/g150. 0 J/g)100, the percent error was found to be 38%. Discussion After the results were found, a conclusion was drawn up supporting the hypothesis. In the experiment, the temperature of the water increased from 16 ? C to 26 ? C after the wax solidified.This showed that the wax must have released heat energy, in order to cause the temperature of the water to change, due to temperature requiring heat to change. In a experiment, there are many different possible sources of scientific error. In the experiment that was preforme d, two possible sources of error were determined. The first source of error found was, the thermometer may have miss-measured the temperature of the water after the wax solidified, too high or low, which would have caused the heat of solidification to be too high or low.The other source of error was the wax may not have fully solidified, which would have made the heat of solidification too low, due to the wax not fully releasing its heat energy. To better understand the experiment that was preformed, summery questions were asked. The first question asked was, â€Å"The heat of combustion of wax is 45,000 J/g. Explain why there is such a large difference between the heat of solidification and heat of combustion in terms of the type of change†.To answer the question, a response was made: â€Å"Due to the heat of combustion of wax being the heat released from the chemical reaction between oxygen and wax, it is a chemical change and because the heat of solidification of wax is a physical change and chemical changes release a significantly larger amount of heat then physical changes, the heat of combustion of wax releases a much larger amount of heat†. The second question asked was â€Å"The amount of heat released by the solidifying was is equal in magnitude to the amount of heat that the wax absorbed when it melted.Explain why this is so in terms of the arrangement of molecules in liquids vs. solids†. To respond to this question the response: â€Å"In order to change the arrangement of molecules from a solid to a liquid state, the wax must absorb a certain amount of heat and in order to return to a solid state, it must release the energy it absorbed. In the last question, the following was asked: â€Å"Predict the effect of the change in the mass of the wax used or volume of water in the calorimeter on the following parameters.Assume all variables remain constant other then the one listed. If twice the amount of wax or half the amount of wa ter was used in the experiment, how would the temperature, heat absorbed by the water and the calculated heat of solidification change. Explain your predictions for the heat of solidification†. In the answer responding to the question, it was stated, â€Å"both the temperature and heat absorbed by the water would increase, however the heat of solidification would stay the same, due to the wax continuing to release the same amount of heat per gram of wax.

Hamlets Delay Essay

In William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Hamlet†, the character Hamlet aspires to kill his uncle and, in doing so, avenge his father. During Act I, Scene V, Hamlets father comes to him as a ghost. The ghost explains that Claudius, Hamlets uncle, murdered him in order to become King of Denmark and marry Hamlets mother, the Queen of Denmark. The ghost of Hamlets father then asks Hamlet to kill Claudius and make his mother feel guilty for allowing his murder to happen. However, Hamlet delays his achievement of this goal for reasons that are not directly confronted in the play. There are many theories on the matter of why Hamlet continuously waits to avenge his fathers’ murder. Of these theories, the most plausible is that Hamlet simply spends too much time thinking about how he will act rather than actually taking action. Hamlet takes an oath at the end of Act I saying â€Å"†¦thy commandment all alone shall live within the book and volume of my brain†¦Ã¢â‚¬  meaning that all he will think about is what the ghost has told him to do. The problem is that, while Hamlet does constantly think about what the ghost said, he does not do a lot about it. One thing Hamlet does do is try to confirm that what the ghost said is true. In Act II, Scene II, Hamlet uses a play called â€Å"The Murder of Gonzago† to make Claudius look guilty or, as Hamlet says, â€Å"The plays the thing, wherein I’ll catch the conscience of the King. † Hamlet does this by writing a short speech for the beginning of the play. The speech is a complete recollection of how the ghost described his murder to Hamlet. Everything goes as planned and Claudius outwardly shows his guilt. Now Hamlet has all the evidence he needs to kill his uncle. However, Hamlet still does not take action in Act III but rather he thinks even more. The difference is that this time he is not trying to form a plan against his uncle but is contemplating life in general. â€Å"Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, or to take arms against a sea of troubles. And by opposing end them. † Hamlet proclaims while wondering if death would be better than dealing with his problems. At this part in the play, Hamlet acts as if he has given up on planning to kill Claudius. In Act IV, Scene IV Hamlet reacquaints himself ith the goal of killing his Uncle. Hamlet meets with a messenger from Fortinbras, the prince of Norway, who says that the Norwegian army is going to attack Poland for no reason other than retaining honour. Hamlet is taken back by the lack of motivation for action and is ashamed because he has a lot of motivation to kill Claudius but still has not taken action. At the end of Scene IV hamlet says â€Å"O, from this time forth, my thoughts be bloody, or be nothing worth! † The implications of this sentence are that Hamlet had not thought about killing his Uncle very seriously in previous Acts. In the scenes following Act IV Scene IV, Hamlet becomes more impulsive and acts without thinking more often than he used to and this leads to the accomplishment of his goals. One may argue that there are more plausible explanations than Hamlet over thinking everything. One argument could be that Hamlet was being deterred by things such as the Kings guards or by other outside forces. If this was the case then Claudius would not have been able to kill the previous King so easily. Also, the only time guards are mentioned in the play are when they are outside guarding the walls rather than being personal guards for the King at all times. We can see this in Act III Scene III when Claudius is praying. If he had guards they would be somewhere close by most likely at the door to whatever room Claudius was praying in. However, Hamlet was able to not only enter the room but be in a position where he would be able to kill Claudius if he had chosen to. Hamlet then leaves the room and, during all of this, not once are guards mentioned or heard from. Another part of this theory states that Hamlet was waiting to have more proof before he acted against Claudius. This is why Hamlet puts together the ruse to make his Uncle look guilty in Act II Scene II but, even after he has proved Claudius’s guilt, Hamlet neglects taking action. Instead, he continues to obey what Claudius tells him to do like getting on a ship to England. The theory that Hamlet is stopped by external obstacles is invalid because the obstacles stated are either non-existent in the beginning or are removed part way through the play. If we are only looking at this theory, there is nothing left to stop Hamlet and yet he does not act. Out of all the theories presented for why Hamlet delays his revenge I believe the best choice is that he is overthinking everything. Starting from the beginning of the play, all he does is think about what he should be doing or how he should be doing it and there really is not anything stopping him from killing the King. For his plans to come to fruition, Hamlet needed to become motivated enough that he would act and not stop to think about what he was doing. With this narrow mindedness achieved, Hamlet was able to finally kill the Claudius and avenge his father.

Lionel Richie and Heart Essay

Lionel Richie and Heart Essay Lionel Richie and Heart Essay A Letter To John Dear John, Oh how I have cried, thinking back on the wonderful times he have had together, how we had our whole life planned together and now we are millions of miles apart. You being over there, god only knows when I will see you again, and I am here with our seven children, doing your job and my own. Times are tough for me now that you are gone. The kids certainly try to make it easier for me though. They take turns looking after the babies when I am at the factory, and clean the house too. They have matured so much since you have gone. Sometimes I feel like they are all grown up and ready to move out. I truly cannot wait to see you again. It is so hard to be away from you for so long, considering we have not been separated since we met. When I get upset, I feel as if my heart may bust through my chest if it suffers any more of this pain. I suppose time do make the heart grow fonder. I miss you dearly my love. I think of you quite often, thinking about how wonderful it will be when you get home. I also think about how I will hold you in my arms until it is time for you to go again. The thoughts of this, truly breaks my heart. To know that you are mine but I cannot keep you here with me no matter what I do, drives me insane. You only choices right now are war or jail. That in my opinion is not right. We as a family should have a choice whether or not you want to go to war. I am terrified to think of what you are doing and facing over there every day, I know that it is not all they said it would be over there. You have been gone six months now and I haven’t heard a

Direct and Indirect Objects

Direct and Indirect Objects Direct and Indirect Objects Direct and Indirect Objects By Maeve Maddox A transitive verb takes its name from the fact that its action goes â€Å"across† from the verb to a receiver of the action. The receiver of the action is called an object. Transitive verbs can take two kinds of object: â€Å"Direct Object (DO)† and â€Å"Indirect Object (IO).† Direct Objects A direct object may be a noun, pronoun, phrase, or clause. In order to identify the direct object, take the verb and ask the question â€Å"verb what?† or â€Å"verb whom?†: The lovely green crocodile swallowed the unwary swimmer. Question: â€Å"Swallowed what?† Answer: â€Å"the unwary swimmer.† The direct object is the noun swimmer and the words that go with it. The direct object can be a gerund or an infinitive phrase: His son likes repairing cars. (gerund, DO of likes) I want to write a best-selling novel. (infinitive phrase, DO of want) The direct object can be a noun clause: Mary Lou hates when her mother makes her clean the cat pan. (noun clause, DO of hates) I thought that you were going to pick me up after school. (noun clause, DO of thought) Please explain why you painted the garage pink. (noun clause, DO of explain) Indirect Objects An indirect object may be a noun or a pronoun. The Indirect Object does not receive the action of the verb; it receives the Direct Object. The verb is still the clue for identifying the Indirect Object. The question to ask is â€Å"Verb to† or â€Å"for What/Whom?† Uncle Scrooge left his nephews all his money. Question: â€Å"left to or for whom?† Answer: â€Å"his nephews† The Indirect Object is the noun nephews and the adjective that goes with it. When a transitive verb has both a direct object and an indirect object, the indirect object will usually come directly after the verb. Here are some more examples of Indirect Objects (in boldface): Sheherazade told the sultan a marvelous story. The construction engineer built his daughter a house. You have lain around the house long enough; get yourself a job. Here are some common words that take an indirect object with the â€Å"to† implied: award give grant hand lend offer owe tell promise pass show teach throw Here are some common verbs that take an indirect object with â€Å"for† implied: build buy catch choose cook find get make order peel pour save Both Direct and Indirect objects are said to be in the Accusative Case. Older terminology would classify nouns and pronouns used as Indirect Objects as being in the Dative Case. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar 101 category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Addressing A Letter to Two PeopleBody Parts as Tools of MeasurementMay Have vs. Might Have

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 68

Journal - Essay Example Initially, the writer gives an overview of the case and accusations, as well as charges faced by Ziegler, a supervisor in Montgomery. Then, the author of this article breaks down the accusations one by one explaining how they happened and how Ziegler participated in approving to pay bills to cover for the purchases he made in his favor. This helps in understanding the story better because, without the explanations, it would be hard to comprehend how those absurd charges came to be. Another part of the story that captured my attention is the employee’s comment when asked why he gave Ziegler a tank of propane. Heydt made it clear that he had to do it because his boss said so. The author uses this to highlight how bosses misuse their position to gain loyalty from employees. Employees become loyal because of fear of losing their jobs. Though this story would not pass for a national headline in the front pages, the presentation is interesting, and it succeeds in reaching the target

Relationships in trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Relationships in trade - Essay Example Since there is no direct governmental intervention, it would permit trading partners attain mutual gains from exchanging goods and services. As it has been defined by International Fair Trade Association (IFAT), â€Å"fair trade is a trading partnership based on dialogue, transparency and respect that seeks greater equity in international trade. It contributes to sustainable development by offering better trading conditions to and securing the rights of, marginalized producers and workers, especially in the south†. (www.wfto.com). Fair trade is of protectionist view which maintains a ‘people first’ policy and is backed by consumers through various non-profit organizations. Fair trade looks forward to achieve better justice in international trade by initiating reasonable changes in the current trade regulations. Its trading practices are entirely different from that of the conventional mode of trade. For instance, fair trade system works on the voluntary participation of producers, consumers, and companies based on a set of mutually accepted standards (Fair Trade Catholic Relief Services). On the other hand, the most important focus of the free trade is profit which usually goes to corporate giants. Hence, in order to create competitive advantages free trade firms seek alternatives for reducing the operation costs by moving from one region to other cost-effective locations. Unlike free trade, fair trade organizations maintain maximum direct relationship with the producers perhaps by giving them free or low interest credit (ibid). The common goods exchanged through fair trade include coffee, chocolate, clothing, and jewelry. Both fair trade and free trade have their own advantages and disadvantages. One of the major benefits of the fair trade is that it promotes eco-friendly farming practices and helps farmers and artisans gain opportunities for building their own business skills. Obviously the notable benefit of the free trade is that it allows us both

Stand your ground law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Stand your ground law - Research Paper Example Controversies surrounding the SYG law have off late attracted the nations debate. From 2005, eighteen states have enacted the law extending the self-defense right without retreating to any place an individual has the right to be, and other several additional States are looking forward to passing the same law. With all these implications, of the threat to public safety, less has been done to research on the effect of the law on people’s security. There is some recorded data at the statistical agencies in U.S. to study the prevalence of homicides. The data from these agencies indicate that the increasing number of homicides is attributed to the SYG law (Yu 119). There is no evidence given by any agency as to why there is an increase in homicides in blacks. The statutes referred to as Stand Your Ground (SYG) allows one to use force, even lethal one in self-defense, in an event of reasonable threat with no duty to first retreat. The right to defend individuals home from any intruder with no obligation to retreat is apparently protected by Castle Doctrine. The difference with the new laws is that they exceed the Castle Doctrine to the places like the workplace, vehicle or anywhere else; this limits the duty to retreat (Skiba 21). Since the time Florida passed the law in 2005, other seventeen states have introduced the SYG law with proportions allowing immunity from criminal prosecution when one uses deadly defense force in areas beyond their homes. With significant help from the National Association of Riffles, the users of SYG law say that they cannot support crime on the same. They also say that citizens who abide by the law should be able to protect themselves from attackers or intruders without the worry of being prosecuted. It is al so postulated that the great increase in concerns about public safety came after the 2001 terrorist attacks and Katrina of 2005, which led to

Validity of Brain Scanning Images to Study Human Behaviour

Validity of Brain Scanning Images to Study Human Behaviour The study of psychological phenomenon has shifted to focus more on brain activity. Critically evaluate the validity of using brain scanning images to study human behaviour Behavioural neuroscience is a term primarily developed in the early twentieth century and refers to the brain processes and physiological functions that produce human behaviour (Robinson et al, 2005). Pioneers of physiological psychology such as Karl Lashley (1950) surgically produced brain lesions in rats to observe learning and memory alterations, which resulted in many other psychologists mapping the parts of the brain involved, and relating it to human behaviour. This human behaviour, defined as the actions and responses humans portray (Holt et al, 2012), is extensively observed in human brain activity today, and can be monitored using brain scanning images. Some scanning images work by monitoring the electrical conduction of axons to different regions of the brain, glucose and oxygen levels in the brain and blood flow, whilst others visualize the brain structure using tissue density, and all can be used to pinpoint specific behavioural responses (Jezzard, Matthews Smith, 2001). These imaging techniques present processes that cannot be witnessed by the human eye and can distinguish what parts of the brain are at their most active during different stimulations (bremner, 2005). The increase of brain scanning images makes it one of the most popularly used neuropsychological tools in the field of biological psychology, and has also enthused the creation and promotion of new areas of psychology such as cognitive neuroscience. Yet there is still debate as to how successful brain scanning images are at locating and determining different human behaviours. This essay will depict different types of brain scanning images, their uses in relation to human behaviour, debate how successful or unsuccessful these uses are and hopefully establish a direction to the future of these neuropsychological tools. The brain is a very complex and active organ, using around 25% of the human body oxygen and 70% of its obtained glucose (Simon, 2007). Due to this complexity and high metabolic rate neuropsychologists want to establish why the brain uses so much energy and where it is consumed during different behavioural events. Originally, single-cell recordings were the most popularly used type of brain scanning images, pinpointing specific neuronal networks used when processing stimuli in relation to behaviour (Holt et al, 2012). For example Electroencephalograph (EEG) can help distinguish whether an ADHD sufferer has an inattentive or hyperactive subtype by monitoring different brain wavelengths (Pedersen, 2013). Clark, Barry, McCarthy and Selikowitz (1998) monitored children in various settings. They were aged 8-12 years and suffered with ADHD. Using EEG measures, the researchers found that the children had substantially higher levels of theta waves compared to the control group. In addition, t he children with an inattentive type of ADHD brain waves were closer related to the control group then that of the hyperactive subtype. This demonstrates how EEG measures are a successful non-invasive brain scanning technique, that can be used in many environments and reveals how simple brain scanning images can be used to determine different human behaviours. However EEG measures can be somewhat non-specific and need complex data analysis to help decipher the readings. Furthermore, establishing the amount of brain states an EEG reading can identify would increase the techniques validity (Schlà ¶gl, Slater Pfurtscheller, 2002). SOMETHING TO LINK Static imaging techniques such as Computed tomography (CT) or Computerized axial tomography (CAT) are used to present a visual structure of the brain and can be useful in detecting deterioration or injury of the brain (Demitri, 2007). They work by using X-ray technology to take pictures of sections of the brain, layering the brains interior from multiple angles. They are 100 times more accurate than normal X-rays and can be used on other bodily organs (CT scan, 2013). This non-invasive method can be used to identify brain abnormalities in abnormal human behaviour such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Pearlson, Garbacz, Moberg, Ahn, and Depaulo (1985) used CAT scans in order to establish a significant lateral ventricular enlargement in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder compared to a control group. Additionally, Bigler, Hubler, Cullum, and Turkheimer (1985) used CAT scans to observe changes in the brain structure of those patients with alzheimers disease and those w ithout. Results portrayed an intellectual decline and memory impairment for Alzheimer disease sufferers. Using these kinds of static brain imaging techniques can help establish a physical determent for human behaviour in relation to brain activity and can also give clinical validity to the technique because it is used not only on the brain but also on other organs (Quiroz et al, 2005). Wedding and Gudeman (1980) even suggest that CT scanning will be an ‘invaluable’ tool in the mapping of the functionality of the brain. However there are disadvantages with using static brain imaging, such as the cost of procedure, the risk of radiation exposure and the relatively poor detail the scan produces (Gould, Cummings, Rabuzzi, Reed Chung, 1977). In terms of identifying human behaviour, static brain images can only give a physical view of brain abnormalities so it is not always clear what is actually responsible for behaviour. Instead, dynamic brain scanning images can be used to investigate what is going on internally in the brain when humans experience behaviour. Positron-emission tomography (PET) scans use invasive techniques to measure brain activity such as metabolism, blood flow and neurotransmitter activity (Holt et al, 2012). A radioactive component is inserted into the blood and due to the decaying nature of this component; it is possible to use a detector to observe where the brain is using the most energy (Brain scanning images, 2014). For example Mayberg et al (1999) used PET scans to monitor stimulated feelings of sadness in depressed patients compared to recovered patients. They found that one specific area of the brain had increased blood flow in depressed patients compared to another area that had increased blood flow with the recovered patients. They go on to suggest these types of findings are significant for the use of medical treatments for such disorders, because the PET scan could ide ntify a specific brain region ‘responsible’ for the sadness felt in depression. Furthermore, Jones (2010) describes the work carried out by Dr Ned.H Kalin using PET scans on Anxious Temperament (AT) rhesus monkeys. The central nucleus region of the amygdala portrayed increased blood flow, suggesting an increase in emotion and fear of these types of monkeys. PET scans can be very useful in identifying whereabouts in the brain the most energy is being used when displaying certain behaviours. However, Lubezky et al (2007) also found that PET scanning can have interference when used on patients also having treatment for chemotherapy, which suggests PET scans are not always a successful tool in clinical research. This type of scanning can be very time consuming and the resolution of the brain structure is not as high compared to other brain scanning techniques, which means the functional information retrieved from these scans cannot always be accessed (Positron Emission Tomo graphy, 2013). This means establishing a cause for human behaviour is more difficult and not as concise, so PET scans may not be the most successful choice when researching human behaviour. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used to create clear detailed pictures of the brain structure, a lot like CT and CAT scans. Sometimes a dye is injected into the vein to help contrast the picture and images are around 1/10 the size of a CT scan (Rosen, 2007). However, in recent years MRI advancing has resulted in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) that can produce dynamic pictures of blood flow in the brain instantly (Holt et al, 2014). This has made a huge impact in the neuropsychological field of establishing what parts of the brain react to different behaviours as it has allowed researchers to present stimuli and observe the results from the stimuli within seconds of it occurring (Jezzard, Matthews Smith, 2001). A wealth of research has been carried out to investigate this, for example Eisenberger, Lieberman and Williams (2003) used fMRI scans to investigate whether participants reacted to psychological pain in the same way as physical pain. Using a social exclusion task they found a significant relationship between parts of the brain activated during physical pain, in relation to emotional pain. Mastena, Morellib and Eisenbergerb (2011) investigated the effects on brain activity of participants feeling empathy towards an excluded victim, and found that participants with more empathetic personality traits had higher levels of activation in metalizing regions and social pain-related regions of their brain. This in turn led them to carry out more pro-social behaviour towards the victim of exclusion. Horn, Dolan, Elliott, Deakin and Woodruff (2003) also explored impulsivity in relation to aggression, suicide and violent behaviour. Using fMRI scans they found that participants who had greater scores on impulsivity scales had higher activation of paralimbic areas in the brain during response inhibition. Participants with lower scores on impulsivity therefore had lower activation levels in this particular part of the brain. It is clear to see how suc cessful fMRI scans can be at determining what parts of the brain are affected by different human behaviours due to the quick and detailed resolution of the scan. They are also non-invasive with the absence of radiation, making this method a more suitable and reusable option for patients (Devlin, 2007). However, in terms of studying human behaviour, there are statistical pitfalls when using fMRI scans, for example inappropriate interpretations and misunderstandings (Hughes, 2014). For example Watson (2008) describes Marco Iacoboni study investigating swing voters. They were shown political words that they didn’t agree with, such as ‘democratic’, and the amygdala was activated, indicating feelings of anxiety and disgust. However other areas of the brain also became stimulated, in association with reward, desire and connectedness, which presents an opposite interaction of what the participants are feeling, which questions the validity of the fMRI scan all together. Nevertheless, fMRI scans are currently being used in more advancing fields than ever before. The reliability of the scans has even been tested to find out whether they should be used in court as evidence of past memories (Harmon-Courage, 2010). On the other hand, many researchers would suggest it would be more beneficial in terms of research in human behaviour to instead focus on the behavioural and social techniques that could be used to understand behaviour, rather than biological observations. For example Watson (1913) described all behaviour as observable, and any unobservable phenomenon was not proper learnt experiences, and so could therefore not be measured. Yet due to the advancing field of brain scanning techniques, new areas such as cognitive neuroscience have become apparent, and use brain scanning images as a forefront for their research. Cabeza and Nyberg (2000) Analysed regional activations across cognitive domains and found that several brain regions, including the ce rebellum, are engaged by a variety of cognitive challenges, which again supports the use of brain scanning techniques in new fields to establish and understanding of human behaviour. Overall, brain scanning techniques are clearly confidently used in human behaviour research. There are many options as to which type of brain scanning technique to use so researchers can choose the method best suited to them, whether it is observing brain structure, or researching the dynamic function of the brain. That is not to say that there are not drawbacks with using brain scanning techniques. There are practical issues like the cost, and with some types of brain scanning techniques, the exposure to radiation that the participant must experience limits the amount of times a scan can be taken. Also, as explained above, it can also be quite difficult to interpret the scanning image itself and researchers cannot be completely confident that a certain part of the brain is responsible for a certain behaviour. However, the valid use of brain scanning images continues to increase, with new areas of neuropsychology producing new research outcomes, and the increased usage of them in cli nical fields. Finally, brain scanning techniques in relation to human behaviour can be said to be relatively valid because of the abundance of rich and detailed findings that they gather.

Effects of the Media on Young Girls Essay -- Eating Disorders Anorexia

Effects of the Media on Young Girls I can remember her standing in front of the mirror looking at herself. How she thought she was beautiful, I don’t know. Because the image I saw was of a person who looked like a living corpse. She had to have weighed only 100 pounds, her hair so thin, the black bags under her eyes, and her overall grayish complexion made her look as if she were a dead. As she saw me staring at her in the corner of her eye, she slammed the door in my face. That was the big sister that I knew now. She was no longer the big sister that I could go to and get advice from or have a good laugh with. No, she was too busy with her own schedule and not to mention her terrible mood swings. My older sister Jessica was one of the many teenage girls who suffered from an eating disorder known as Anorexia Nervosa. Eating disorders have increased severely in the past 20 years among young girls and has now become a major problem in the United States. Many experts have tried to find the cau se of eating disorders, and one of the many solutions is the effects that the media has over young girls. By using super thin models and actresses, the media illustrates the message that happiness and success comes with a thin body. The messages portray that to be thin as teen idols and models requires people to achieve a weight that is not healthy. To these young girls, the media’s message of thinness contributes to their low self-esteem on body image which leads to dangerous eating disorders. The media is an important aspect of today’s culture. Almost every household in the Untied States owns a television set and the average American watches 3 to 5 hours of television a day. Television is not the only... ... pattern of binge-eating followed by self-induced purging or abuse of laxatives. People with disease often restrict themselves and then self indulge on food feeling sick shortly after. The affects of this disease are damage to teeth due from acid in the stomach, dehydration, weakness, electrolyte imbalance, bleeding and infection of the throat, digestive and intestinal problems, muscle spasms, and headaches. The question you have to ask yourself is, â€Å"Is being thin worth getting sick or even dying for?† Many young girls do not see the dark side of being thin. All they see is the beauty and glamour due to all of the messages they receive from the media. Since young girls find it important to mimic these thin images they spend hours and dollars trying reduce their waists and legs by dieting and exercising, all to obtain society’s â€Å"perfect body image.†

Nationality Differentiation and Its Effect

Have you ever been picked on or made fun of because your nationality is different from someone else's or the color of your skin? If so, then the person who did it was probably a racist person. Racism still exists within all cultures. Some people won't admit they're a racist, but their actions and words prove otherwise. Most people won't directly discriminate other races, but that doesn't mean it doesn't happen everyday. Many will argue that their race is superior over another, or that the actions of a few individuals of a certain race determines how that race of people are, therefore making them unequal. I think all people should be treated equally, no matter who they are or what they look like.  However, there is no rights to govern how one person might perceive another person so every one can think or act on how they treat members of another race. Who's to say that if one group of people believes that they are superior over another group, that they won't display those actions if they confronted by members of that group or race? Prejudice people think that their way is right and they have the freedom of speech to express how they feel. If you were to ask if they were racist, they would defend their actions by saying it is how it should be and it isn't wrong.  Racism is broad topic to talk about but once everyone realizes it exists in the U.S. they can take steps to trying to talk to their children about it and maybe even change some of their ways in knowing that racism is wrong. It may not exist where you live, but any place that there will be adults, teens, or children of different races interact together there is a possibility of prejudice.Many other cultures are a target for racism, it isn't just black and white. Japanese, Indian, and Germans aren't safe from racism. I witnessed all kinds of prejudice against a wide variety of races. I've seen other races mistreat whites, blacks, and even Asians.  Basically, racism affects us all. I don't think it will go away ever because here in America there is such a wide variety of races, and when they are all mixed together, in the neither

K Campbell

Assessment – Outcomes 1 & 2 1. Explain marketing theory in relation to the 4 P’s. Explain the factors that would affect how Britvic might decide on their choice of each of these items. b. Product Mix and individual products c. Distribution channels d. Pricing methods e. Promotional methods Product – When Britvic introduces a product into a market they must ask themselves a number of questions, who is the product aimed at, what benefit will customers expect, how do they plan to position the product within the market? And what differential advantage will the product offer over their competitors.The product aspects of marketing deal with the specifications of the actual goods or services, plus how it relates to the end users needs and wants. As Britvic have a wide variety of drinks they target a variety of markets and are very successful at growing and bringing out new products and making them popular. Distribution – refers to how the product gets to the buye r; for instance, point-of-sale assignment or retailing. This refers to the channel by which a product or service is sold (e. g. online vs. retail), which geographic region or industry, to which division (young adults, families, business citizens), etc. lso referring to how the surroundings in which the product is sold in can influence sales. Britvic is sold over a large geographical area and is sold too many different industries including pubs, restaurant, shops, supermarkets and many more. Also they are aiming at many different divisions such as young children (fizzy pop) and to an older division by selling vitamin drinks and still drinks. When thinking about distribution Britvic should make sure they have the right: †¢ wholesalers †¢ facilitators †¢ agents †¢ logistics †¢ buyers †¢ retailers †¢ resellersPrice requires marketers to determine the amount of money that they will ask in exchange for their products. Of all the aspects of the marketing mix, price is the one, which creates sales revenue – all the others are costs. The price of an item is clearly an important determinant of the value of sales made. In theory, price is really determined by the discovery of what customers perceive is the value of the item on sale. Researching consumers' opinions about pricing is important to Britvic as it indicates how they value what they are looking for as well as what they want to pay.Britvic’s pricing policy will vary according to time and circumstances. When selling their products they should take the following into consideration: †¢ market based pricing †¢ cost based pricing †¢ new pricing strategies The one thing that Britvic wouldn’t want to do is over charge their customers as this could lose current or potential customers but they also need to have the right price to make a profit Promotion is the business of communicating with customers. It will provide information that will assist them i n making a decision to purchase a product or service.The cost associated with promotion or advertising goods and services often represents a sizeable proportion of the overall cost of producing an item. However, successful promotion increases sales so that advertising and other costs are spread over a larger output. Though increased promotional activity is often a sign of a response to a problem such as competitive activity, it enables an organisation such as Britvic to develop and build up a succession of messages and can be extremely cost-effective.They would have to consider the ideas of why they should advertise and where they should advertise because if they can advertise in the right place then they can get vast amount of promotions for their products. 2. In marketing a service, explain the importance of: a. Process b. People c. Physical Environment Process – Service process is the way in which a service is delivered to the end customer. Companies like Britvic thrive on their quick and popular service and the reason they can do that is their confidence on their processes.The demand of these services is such that they have to deliver optimally without a loss in quality one example of this is they have some of their drinks in smaller glass bottles to preserve the vitamins and goodness in the bottles for longer. Thus the process of a service company in delivering its product is of utmost importance. It is also a critical component in the service blueprint, wherein before establishing the service, the company defines exactly what should be the process of the service product reaching the end customer People – An essential ingredient to any service provision is the use of appropriate staff and people.Recruiting the right staff and training them appropriately in the delivery of their service is essential if the organisation wants to obtain a form of competitive advantage. Consumers make judgments and deliver perceptions of the service based on the employees they interact with. Staff should have the appropriate interpersonal skills and service knowledge to provide the service that consumers are paying for. Many British organisations such as Britvic aim to apply for the Investors in People accreditation, which tells consumers that staff is taken care of by the company and they are trained to certain standards.Physical Evidence – Physical Evidence is the element of the service mix which allows the consumer again to make judgments on the organisation. If you walk into a restaurant your expectations are of a clean, friendly environment. On an aircraft if you travel first class you expect enough room to be able to lie down. Physical evidence is an essential ingredient of the service mix; consumers will make perceptions based on their sight of the service provision which will have an impact on the organisations perceptual plan of the service. . Explain how Britvic might adapt their marketing mix in response to three possible changes in marketing conditions. One reason could be product objectives. Each product is created with its own objective or purpose. The company has to make sure that they use their marketing mix to its full potential because each of their products would have to be created differently since each of them would have their own purpose. Another reason could be the competition. When the company has lots of ompetition they sometimes have to come up with some new original creative ideas that no other company has ever thought of. In order to do this they would have to go through their marketing mix and think outside the box so that they can create better products then think of a suitable prices so that they can make a good profit from. Then they would have to think of a different way to promote the products And lastly another reason would be new technology and changing fashions for example updating the style of packaging of the product.They could make the packaging better by giving the prod ucts a longer shelf life and overall make the products last longer which would make a better profit as there wouldn’t be as much waste and the drinks would be fresher. This would boost sales with if they had new packaging, but they would need to go through the whole mix again so that they could re-advertise the product so all the current customers and new target markets would know that they have the same great products but with a new improved more current packaging and the products are more fresh and last longer. Katy Campbell- HNC Admin and Information Technology.